14 research outputs found
Lâaccident : catastrophe au thĂ©Ăątre ?
Ne nous arrive-t-il pas de lire en premiĂšre page de certains journaux : « Accident de voitures sur lâA7 : deux morts », aussi bien que : « Catastrophe aĂ©rienne au large des GalĂĄpagos : cent cinquante disparus »âŠÂ ? Il faut le dire : pour tout le monde, ces deux mots â accident, catastrophe â sont des Ă©quivalents, des synonymes indistincts. Et pour en donner une dĂ©finition globale : « des Ă©vĂ©nements fĂącheux et inattendus, qui bouleversent le cours des choses, en provoquant la mort ou une bonne ..
Vaccination against Heterologous R5 Clade C SHIV: Prevention of Infection and Correlates of Protection
A safe, efficacious vaccine is required to stop the AIDS pandemic. Disappointing results from the STEP trial implied a need to include humoral anti-HIV-1 responses, a notion supported by RV144 trial data even though correlates of protection are unknown. We vaccinated rhesus macaques with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol particles, HIV-1 Tat and trimeric clade C (HIV-C) gp160, which induced cross-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and robust cellular immune responses. After five low-dose mucosal challenges with a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) that encoded a heterologous R5 HIV-C envelope (22.1% divergence from the gp160 immunogen), 94% of controls became viremic, whereas one third of vaccinees remained virus-free. Upon high-dose SHIV rechallenge, all controls became infected, whereas some vaccinees remained aviremic. Peak viremia was inversely correlated with both cellular immunity (p<0.001) and cross-nAb titers (p<0.001). These data simultaneously linked cellular as well as humoral immune responses with the degree of protection for the first time
Lâaccident
Avec « accident », la revue en ligne AgĂŽn hameçonne un des plus beaux sujets qui soient. Tout geste poĂ©tique, tout geste dâinvention est composĂ© avec ce qui tombe sans prĂ©venir, ce qui se produit sans prĂ©mĂ©ditation, ce qui se trouve sans recherche. Ă juste titre, tout artiste aime Ă se glorifier dâĂȘtre le recueil de ce qui est arrivĂ© sans lui, malgrĂ© lui, mais Ă travers lui. Dans les arts que lâon dit vivants â lâexpression est plate, mais elle est de consĂ©quence â, la possibilitĂ© de lâaccident accompagne lâĆuvre, sa vie durant. Des « accidents » ont pu tramer sa fabrication, mais du fait que lâĆuvre nâexiste vĂ©ritablement que dans le temps de sa performance, lâaccident la guette. Et la met en tension : câest la leçon du funambule. Jean-Loup RiviĂšre, « Bonheur de lâaccident ». â Le dossier publiĂ© sous le parrainage de Jean-Loup RiviĂšre (ENS LSH) et dirigĂ© par Alice CarrĂ© et Barbara MĂ©tais-Chastanier, sâorganise en trois parties : Une premiĂšre partie (LâAlĂ©atoire, LâAltĂ©ration, La Rupture) regroupe des contributions relevant des arts de la scĂšne mais aussi de disciplines voisines (Arts plastiques, Musique et Musicologie) ou plus lointaines (Physique des MatĂ©riaux). Une seconde partie, Lâaccident, au plus prĂšs, oĂč se trouvent rĂ©unis des tĂ©moignages de metteurs en scĂšne, de circassiens, de spectateurs et d'auteurs : Alain Françon, Christian Schiaretti, Jean-Michel Rabeux, Jacques Lassalle, Mathurin Bolze, Camille Boitel, Georges Banu, Claude Prin. Une troisiĂšme partie enfin, A lâĂ©preuve de lâaccident, oĂč vous trouverez les artistes invitĂ©s pour ce dossier : le Groupe EmeudroĂŻdes dâabord, avec lâenregistrement dâune improvisation rĂ©alisĂ©e avec lâEmupo - interface logicielle destinĂ©e Ă lâimprovisation ; CĂ©line Ohannessian ensuite, avec la mise en ligne progressive des courts mĂ©trages de la sĂ©rie Deuil
Strong EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in patients with early multiple sclerosis
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), however, most studies examining the relationship between the virus and the disease have been based on serologies, and if EBV is linked to MS, CD8+ T cells are likely to be involved as they are important both in MS pathogenesis and in controlling viruses. We hypothesized that valuable information on the link between MS and EBV would be ascertained from the study of frequency and activation levels of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells in different categories of MS patients and control subjects. We investigated EBV-specific cellular immune responses using proliferation and enzyme linked immunospot assays, and humoral immune responses by analysis of anti-EBV antibodies, in a cohort of 164 subjects, including 108 patients with different stages of MS, 35 with other neurological diseases and 21 healthy control subjects. Additionally, the cohort were all tested against cytomegalovirus (CMV), another neurotropic herpes virus not convincingly associated with MS, nor thought to be deleterious to the disease. We corrected all data for age using linear regression analysis over the total cohorts of EBV- and CMV-infected subjects. In the whole cohort, the rate of EBV and CMV infections were 99% and 51%, respectively. The frequency of IFN-gamma secreting EBV-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) was significantly higher than that found in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS), secondary-progressive MS, primary-progressive MS, patients with other neurological diseases and healthy controls. The shorter the interval between MS onset and our assays, the more intense was the EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell response. Confirming the above results, we found that EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses decreased in 12/13 patients with CIS followed prospectively for 1.0 +/- 0.2 years. In contrast, there was no difference between categories for EBV-specific CD4+ T cell, or for CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Anti-EBV-encoded nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1)-specific antibodies correlated with EBV-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with CIS and RR-MS. However, whereas EBV-specific CD8+ T cells were increased the most in early MS, EBNA-1-specific antibodies were increased in early as well as in progressive forms of MS. Our data show high levels of CD8+ T-cell activation against EBV--but not CMV--early in the course of MS, which support the hypothesis that EBV might be associated with the onset of this disease