Uma nova espécie de Phyllotheca Brongniart (Townrow) no Permiano Inferior da Bacia do Paraná, RS

This paper deals with remains of Sphenophyta found on the upper levels of Itararé Subgroup, Early Permian in age (late Sakmarian), from Morro do Papaléo outcrop, in Mariana Pimentel municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state. The new species described, P. brevifolia, is distinct from the other ones established in the Phylloteca genus, by its shorten leaf sheath strongly adpressed to the stem, in many cases, not entirely covering the internode regions, and by short leaflets, free from the upper part of leaf sheath and without leaf sheath expansions beyond the stem. Considering that the new taxon is an intermediate form between those classified in Phyllotheca and Koretrophyllites genera, the validity of the genus Koretrophyllites are discussed, using for this the comparison of the diagnostic features established to both genera.Key words: Koretrophyllites, Phyllotheca, Sphenophyta, Early Permian, Paraná Basin, Rio Grande do Sul State.Este trabalho trata do estudo de restos de Sphenophyta identificados em níveis correspondentes ao topo do Subgrupo Itararé no afloramento do Morro do Papaléo, em Mariana Pimentel, Rio Grande do Sul, atribuídos ao Sakmariano tardio (Permiano Inferior). Os restos mencionados permitiram o estabelecimento de uma nova espécie P. brevifolia para o gênero Phyllotheca, caracterizada pela presença de uma bainha extremamente curta e adpressa ao caule, nem sempre recobrindo por completo os inter-nós, em especial nos ramos proximais da planta, e por folíolos relativamente curtos, que partem livres a partir do topo da bainha, sem apresentar expansões desta para além do caule. Tendo em vista a intergradação e o caráter intermediário destes caracteres com aqueles presentes em formas atribuídas ao gênero Koretrophyllites, são feitas considerações sobre a validade deste último gênero, através da comparação das feições diagnósticas estabelecidas para cada um deles e que, efetivamente, mostram uma grande proximidade. Palavras-chave: Koretrophyllites, Phyllotheca, Sphenophyta, Permiano Inferior, Bacia do Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul

Uma nova espécie de Phyllotheca Brongniart (Townrow) no Permiano Inferior da Bacia do Paraná, RS

This paper deals with remains of Sphenophyta found on the upper levels of Itararé Subgroup, Early Permian in age (late Sakmarian), from Morro do Papaléo outcrop, in Mariana Pimentel municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state. The new species described, P. brevifolia, is distinct from the other ones established in the Phylloteca genus, by its shorten leaf sheath strongly adpressed to the stem, in many cases, not entirely covering the internode regions, and by short leaflets, free from the upper part of leaf sheath and without leaf sheath expansions beyond the stem. Considering that the new taxon is an intermediate form between those classified in Phyllotheca and Koretrophyllites genera, the validity of the genus Koretrophyllites are discussed, using for this the comparison of the diagnostic features established to both genera.Key words: Koretrophyllites, Phyllotheca, Sphenophyta, Early Permian, Paraná Basin, Rio Grande do Sul State.Este trabalho trata do estudo de restos de Sphenophyta identificados em níveis correspondentes ao topo do Subgrupo Itararé no afloramento do Morro do Papaléo, em Mariana Pimentel, Rio Grande do Sul, atribuídos ao Sakmariano tardio (Permiano Inferior). Os restos mencionados permitiram o estabelecimento de uma nova espécie P. brevifolia para o gênero Phyllotheca, caracterizada pela presença de uma bainha extremamente curta e adpressa ao caule, nem sempre recobrindo por completo os inter-nós, em especial nos ramos proximais da planta, e por folíolos relativamente curtos, que partem livres a partir do topo da bainha, sem apresentar expansões desta para além do caule. Tendo em vista a intergradação e o caráter intermediário destes caracteres com aqueles presentes em formas atribuídas ao gênero Koretrophyllites, são feitas considerações sobre a validade deste último gênero, através da comparação das feições diagnósticas estabelecidas para cada um deles e que, efetivamente, mostram uma grande proximidade. Palavras-chave: Koretrophyllites, Phyllotheca, Sphenophyta, Permiano Inferior, Bacia do Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status