19,358 research outputs found
Difficulty of distinguishing product states locally
Non-locality without entanglement is a rather counter-intuitive phenomenon in
which information may be encoded entirely in product (unentangled) states of
composite quantum systems in such a way that local measurement of the
subsystems is not enough for optimal decoding. For simple examples of pure
product states, the gap in performance is known to be rather small when
arbitrary local strategies are allowed. Here we restrict to local strategies
readily achievable with current technology; those requiring neither a quantum
memory nor joint operations. We show that, even for measurements on pure
product states there can be a large gap between such strategies and
theoretically optimal performance. Thus even in the absence of entanglement
physically realizable local strategies can be far from optimal for extracting
quantum information.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur
GaAsP on GaP top solar cells
GaAsP on GaP top solar cells as an attachment to silicon bottom solar cells are being developed. The GaAsP on GaP system offers several advantages for this top solar cell. The most important is that the gallium phosphide substrate provides a rugged, transparent mechanical substrate which does not have to be removed or thinned during processing. Additional advantages are that: (1) gallium phosphide is more oxidation resistant than the III-V aluminum compounds, (2) a range of energy band gaps higher than 1.75 eV is readily available for system efficiency optimization, (3) reliable ohmic contact technology is available from the light-emitting diode industry, and (4) the system readily lends itself to graded band gap structures for additional increases in efficiency
Stable, inflatable life raft for high seas rescue operations
Raft is easily deployed and highly maneuverable in water. It has false bottom of water ballast containers attached to underside, making it exceptionally stable platform from which swimmers can operate. Raft is attachable to external moorings
Life raft stabilizer
An improved life raft stabilizer for reducing rocking and substantially precluding capsizing is discussed. The stabilizer may be removably attached to the raft and is defined by flexible side walls which extend a considerable depth downwardly to one another in the water. The side walls, in conjunction with the floor of the raft, form a ballast enclosure. A weight is placed in the bottom of the enclosure and water port means are provided in the walls. Placement of the stabilizer in the water allows the weighted bottom to sink, producing submerged deployment thereof and permitting water to enter the enclosure through the port means, thus forming a ballast for the raft
On the Quantum Phase Operator for Coherent States
In papers by Lynch [Phys. Rev. A41, 2841 (1990)] and Gerry and Urbanski
[Phys. Rev. A42, 662 (1990)] it has been argued that the phase-fluctuation
laser experiments of Gerhardt, B\"uchler and Lifkin [Phys. Lett. 49A, 119
(1974)] are in good agreement with the variance of the Pegg-Barnett phase
operator for a coherent state, even for a small number of photons. We argue
that this is not conclusive. In fact, we show that the variance of the phase in
fact depends on the relative phase between the phase of the coherent state and
the off-set phase of the Pegg-Barnett phase operator. This off-set
phase is replaced with the phase of a reference beam in an actual experiment
and we show that several choices of such a relative phase can be fitted to the
experimental data. We also discuss the Noh, Foug\`{e}res and Mandel [Phys.Rev.
A46, 2840 (1992)] relative phase experiment in terms of the Pegg-Barnett phase
taking post-selection conditions into account.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures. Typographical errors and misprints have been
corrected. The outline of the paper has also been changed. Physica Scripta
(in press
AlGaAs top solar cell for mechanical attachment in a multi-junction tandem concentrator solar cell stack
The AstroPower self-supporting, transparent AlGaAs top solar cell can be stacked upon any well-developed bottom solar cell for improved system performance. This is an approach to improve the performance and scale of space photovoltaic power systems. Mechanically stacked tandem solar cell concentrator systems based on the AlGaAs top concentrator solar cell can provide near term efficiencies of 36 percent (AMO, 100x). Possible tandem stack efficiencies greater than 38 percent (100x, AMO) are feasible with a careful selection of materials. In a three solar cell stack, system efficiencies exceed 41 percent (100x, AMO). These device results demonstrate a practical solution for a state-of-the-art top solar cell for attachment to an existing, well-developed solar cell
The simplest demonstrations of quantum nonlocality
We investigate the complexity cost of demonstrating the key types of nonclassical correlations-Bell inequality violation, Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen (EPR)-steering, and entanglement-with independent agents, theoretically and in a photonic experiment. We show that the complexity cost exhibits a hierarchy among these three tasks, mirroring the recently discovered hierarchy for how robust they are to noise. For Bell inequality violations, the simplest test is the well-known Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt test, but for EPR-steering and entanglement the tests that involve the fewest number of detection patterns require nonprojective measurements. The simplest EPR-steering test requires a choice of projective measurement for one agent and a single nonprojective measurement for the other, while the simplest entanglement test uses just a single nonprojective measurement for each agent. In both of these cases, we derive our inequalities using the concept of circular two-designs. This leads to the interesting feature that in our photonic demonstrations, the correlation of interest is independent of the angle between the linear polarizers used by the two parties, which thus require no alignment
Bilinear Quantum Monte Carlo: Expectations and Energy Differences
We propose a bilinear sampling algorithm in Green's function Monte Carlo for
expectation values of operators that do not commute with the Hamiltonian and
for differences between eigenvalues of different Hamiltonians. The integral
representations of the Schroedinger equations are transformed into two
equations whose solution has the form , where
and are the wavefunctions for the two related systems and
is a kernel chosen to couple and . The Monte Carlo process,
with random walkers on the enlarged configuration space , solves
these equations by generating densities whose asymptotic form is the above
bilinear distribution. With such a distribution, exact Monte Carlo estimators
can be obtained for the expectation values of quantum operators and for energy
differences. We present results of these methods applied to several test
problems, including a model integral equation, and the hydrogen atom.Comment: 27 page
Effects of squeezing on quantum nonlocality of superpositions of coherent states
We analyze effects of squeezing upon superpositions of coherent states (SCSs)
and entangled coherent states (ECSs) for Bell-inequality tests. We find that
external squeezing can always increase the degrees of Bell violations, if the
squeezing direction is properly chosen, for the case of photon parity
measurements. On the other hand, when photon on/off measurements are used, the
squeezing operation can enhance the degree of Bell violations only for moderate
values of amplitudes and squeezing. We point out that a significant improvement
is required over currently available squeezed SCSs in order to directly
demonstrate a Bell-inequality violation in a real experiment.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Weak Values, Quantum Trajectories, and the Stony-Brook Cavity QED experiment
Weak values as introduced by Aharonov, Albert and Vaidman (AAV) are ensemble
average values for the results of weak measurements. They are interesting when
the ensemble is preselected on a particular initial state and postselected on a
particular final measurement result. I show that weak values arise naturally in
quantum optics, as weak measurements occur whenever an open system is monitored
(as by a photodetector). I use quantum trajectory theory to derive a
generalization of AAV's formula to include (a) mixed initial conditions, (b)
nonunitary evolution, (c) a generalized (non-projective) final measurement, and
(d) a non-back-action-evading weak measurement. I apply this theory to the
recent Stony-Brook cavity QED experiment demonstrating wave-particle duality
[G.T. Foster, L.A. Orozco, H.M. Castro-Beltran, and H.J. Carmichael, Phys. Rev.
Lett. {85}, 3149 (2000)]. I show that the ``fractional'' correlation function
measured in that experiment can be recast as a weak value in a form as simple
as that introduced by AAV.Comment: 6 pages, no figures. To be published in Phys. Rev.
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