Masuunikuonan ja hienafosfaatin maata kalkitseva vaikutus pitkäaikaisen laboratoriokokeen perusteella

Noin 9 vuotta kestäneessä, laboratoriossa suoritetussa masuunikuonan ja hienofosfaatin kalkitusvaikutusta koskevassa kokeessa tuli seuraavat tulokset: Masuunikuonan maata neutraloiva vaikutus oli sama kuin kalkkikivijauheen, mutta hienofosfaatin mitättömän vähäinen. Millään kalkitusaineella ei ollut vaikutusta maan humuksen määriin, vaikka käytetyt määrät olivat suuria, olosuhteet pieneliötoiminnalle edulliset ja vaikutusaika pitkä. Kalkitusaineet lisäsivät tavanmukaisessa maa-analyysissä saatavan kalsiumin määrää. Vaikutus kalin määriin oli pieni, mutta savimaassa esiintyi kalilukujen alenemista. Fosforiarvoihin oli hienofosfaatilla tietenkin suuri vaikutus, mutta myös muut kalkitusaineet lisäsivät helposti liukenevan fosforin määriä

Trace Element Behaviors During Igneous Evolution and Hydrothermal Alteration of an Evolved Rhyolite, the Blawn Formation, Wah Wah Mountains, Utah: Implications for Critical Metal Abundances in Highly Evolved Rhyolites

A-type rhyolites and granites often contain elevated concentrations of the rare earth elements (REE) and many other critical trace elements relative to I- and S-type rhyolites and granites. Their trace element-enriched nature makes them potentially prospective bulk tonnage, low-grade resources of the REE and many other critical trace elements, including Li, Be, Mo, Sn, and W, but little work has been performed to delineate their economic potential. The 22.1 Ma Red Beryl Rhyolite (RBR) and the 18.3 Ma Tetons Rhyolite (TR) units of the Blawn Formation represent two A-type rhyolite domes located in the southern Wah Wah Mountains of Utah. The RBR is subdivided into two units, the RBR Lower and RBR Upper, based on notable differences in the accessory mineral assemblages they contain and REE concentrations. Source discrimination diagrams and fractionation modeling suggest that the parental melts of the Blawn Formation were generated by partial melting of the upper mantle or mantle-hybridized crust that underwent 70+ % total fractional crystallization before erupting the RBR Lower and RBR Upper. The prolonged fractionation that the parental melt of the RBR underwent caused formerly incompatible elements to begin to behave compatibly after eruption of the RBR Lower unit, causing the subsequently erupted RBR Upper unit to be strongly depleted in the REE and F. These elements were removed by crystallization of fluorite, cerianite-Ce, allanite-La, monazite-Ce, and xenotime-Y from the evolving melt, all of which are present in the RBR Lower but are absent except for fluorite, cerianite-Ce, and allanite-La in the RBR Upper. The geochemical and mineralogical variations between the RBR units demonstrate that evolved rhyolites can reach a point of maximum REE concentrations during the later stages of fractional crystallization and can become subsequently removed with further fractional crystallization. The presence of both primary and secondary examples of REE-bearing accessory phases in hydrothermally altered samples, combined with geochemical data that suggests alteration did not result in the concentration or removal of the REE contained in these phases suggests that the trace element depletions within the RBR Upper unit are a result of igneous evolutionary processes, not from alteration. Alteration mobilized much of the REE- and critical metal-bearing accessory mineral assemblage and locally redistributed it within the rock, but did not affect the overall concentrations of the REE and most trace elements

Translational Control of Cyclin B1 mRNA during Meiotic Maturation: Coordinated Repression and Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation

AbstractTranslational control is prominent during meiotic maturation and early development. In this report, we investigate a mode of translational repression in Xenopus laevis oocytes, focusing on the mRNA encoding cyclin B1. Translation of cyclin B1 mRNA is relatively inactive in the oocyte and increases dramatically during meiotic maturation. We show, by injection of synthetic mRNAs, that the cis-acting sequences responsible for repression of cyclin B1 mRNA reside within its 3′UTR. Repression can be saturated by increasing the concentration of reporter mRNA injected, suggesting that the cyclin B1 3′UTR sequences provide a binding site for a trans-acting repressor. The sequences that direct repression overlap and include cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements (CPEs), sequences known to promote cytoplasmic polyadenylation. However, the presence of a CPE per se appears insufficient to cause repression, as other mRNAs that contain CPEs are not translationally repressed. We demonstrate that relief of repression and cytoplasmic polyadenylation are intimately linked. Repressing elements do not override the stimulatory effect of a long poly(A) tail, and polyadenylation of cyclin B1 mRNA is required for its translational recruitment. Our results suggest that translational recruitment of endogenous cyclin B1 mRNA is a collaborative effect of derepression and poly(A) addition. We discuss several molecular mechanisms that might underlie this collaboration

Policy Opportunities for Promoting Employment for People with Psychiatric Disabilities

Outlines policy opportunities that can be leveraged to expand opportunities for people with psychiatric disabilities to successfully obtain and maintain employment, including increased access to career development, supported employment, and critical health services. The authors’ recommendations include: Develop guidance and incentives for Medicaid coverage of supported employment. Maximize opportunities for access to healthcare made possible by the Affordable Care Act. Continue service innovations focused on educational and career development. Include people with psychiatric disabilities in federal and state employment initiatives. The authors say there is compelling evidence that people with psychiatric disabilities want to work, but statistics show their employment rate is low. When people are provided with appropriate supports and services, employment is attainable and leads to social inclusion, better health, reductions in public spending, and economic advancement

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Finnish Bordetella pertussis isolates collected during 2006-2017

Objectives: Macrolides, such as azithromycin and erythromycin, are first-line drugs for the (prophylactic) treatment of pertussis. This study aimed to screen for macrolide-, quinolone- or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT)-resistant strains among Finnish Bordetella pertussis isolates.Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 148 B. pertussis strains isolated during 2006-2017. Isolates were analysed by allele-specific PCR for detection of the macrolide resistance-associated mutation A2047G in the 23S rRNA gene. The gyrA gene was sequenced for detection of the A260G mutation associated with quinolone resistance. For phenotyping, a random selection was made by selecting every third isolate (n=50) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for erythromycin and azithromycin by Etest and the inhibition zone size for nalidixic acid (NAL) and SXT by single disk diffusion assay.Results: Neither the macrolide resistance-associated mutation A2047G nor the quinolone resistance-associated mutation A260G was detected in any of the B. pertussis isolates. MICs of azithromycin and erythromycin ranged between 0.016-0.19 mu g/mL and 0.016-0.25 mu g/mL, respectively. The size of the inhibition zone surrounding the NAL disk ranged between 22-27 mm in diameter. The inhibition zone surrounding the SXT disk ranged between 24-37 mm in diameter. No isolates resistant to any of the tested antimicrobials were identified.Conclusions: The allele-specific PCR is a simple and useful tool for screening B. pertussis resistance to macrolides. All Finnish isolates tested were susceptible to macrolides, quinolones and SXT. (C) 2018 International Society for Chemotherapy of Infection and Cancer. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Macrolide Resistance in Bordetella pertussis: Current Situation and Future Challenges

Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis bacterium. The mainstay of treatment is macrolide antibiotics that reduce transmissibility, shorten the duration of symptoms and decrease mortality in infants. Recently, the macrolide resistance of B. pertussis has been reported globally but is especially widespread in mainland China. In this review, we aim to summarise the current understanding of the epidemiology, resistance mechanisms and clinical implications of B. pertussis macrolide resistance. Since the first appearance of macrolide-resistant B. pertussis in Arizona, USA, in 1994, only sporadic cases have been reported outside China. In certain parts of China, on the other hand, up to 70-100% of the recent clinical isolates have been found to be macrolide resistant. Reasons for macrolide resistance being centred upon China during the last decade can only be speculated on, but the dominant B. pertussis lineage is different between China and most of the high-income countries. It seems evident that efforts to increase awareness, guide molecular epidemiological surveillance and carry out systematic screening of B. pertussis positive samples for macrolide resistance should be implemented globally. In addition, practices to improve the clinical care of infants with pertussis caused by resistant strains should be studied vigorously

Evaluation of Anti-PT Antibody Response after Pertussis Vaccination and Infection: The Importance of Both Quantity and Quality

Pertussis toxin (PT) is considered the main virulence factor causing whooping cough or pertussis. The protein is widely studied and its composition was revealed and sequenced already during the 1980s. The human immune system creates a good response against PT when measured in quantity. However, the serum anti-PT antibodies wane rapidly, and only a small amount of these antibodies are found a few years after vaccination/infection. Therefore, multiple approaches to study the functionality (quality) of these antibodies, e.g., avidity, neutralizing capacity, and epitope specificity, have been investigated. In addition, the long-term B cell memory (Bmem) to PT is crucial for good protection throughout life. In this review, we summarize the findings from functional PT antibody and Bmem studies. These results are discussed in line with the quantity of serum anti-PT antibodies. PT neutralizing antibodies and anti-PT antibodies with proper avidity are crucial for good protection against the disease, and certain epitopes have been identified to have multiple functions in the protection. Although PT-specific Bmem responses are detectable at least five years after vaccination, long-term surveillance is lacking. Variation of the natural boosting of circulating Bordetella pertussis in communities is an important confounding factor in these memory studie</p