Investigating Attention Modeling Differences between Older and Younger Drivers

As in-vehicle technologies (IVTs) grow in both popularity and complexity, the question of whether these IVTs improve, or hinder, driver performance has gained more attention. The ability to predict when a driver will be looking at the road or a display on the car’s dashboard or center console is crucial to understanding the impact of the recent tech-heavy trend in car designs on safety and the extent to which IVTs compete with the primary driving task for visual resources. The SEEV model of visual attention has been shown to be able to predict the probability of attending an area if interest (AOI) while driving based on the salience (SEEV-S) of visual stimuli, the effort (SEEV-Ef) required to shift attention between locations, the expectancy (SEEV-Ex) that information will be found at a specific location within the visual field, and the value (SEEV-V) of the information found at that location relative to the task(s) being performed. This study compared older and younger adult SEEV models calculated using eye tracking during a series of simulated driving scenarios with differing levels of effort, expectancy, and value placed on the primary driving task and a secondary in-vehicle task (IVT) to be done on the center console while maintaining lane position and speed. No significant effect of the effort variable was found, likely due to the cues used in our experiment not requiring head or torso rotation to access. Good model fits for both older and younger adults were found, with younger adults having greater weight on the dashboard AOI than older adults when the driving task was prioritized

In-Vivo E-Cigarette Usage is Associated with Fluctuations in Positive and Negative Affect

The use of e-cigarettes has become a popular replacement for traditional cigarettes since they were first introduced to the market in 2006. Evolution of these customizable devices has provided young adults with a plethora of different ways to vape nicotine. Although e-cigarettes are increasingly widely used, little research has been conducted to learn about factors that motivate and maintain usage of these devices at the intersection of affect, stress, and overall mood. The current study utilizes ecological momentary assessment (EMA) as a way to collect information in the moment, representative of daily life. In the study, 25 participants responded to a baseline survey and four daily surveys over the course of a 2-week period, providing information about their vaping behaviors. Results indicated that vaping prior to the daily survey prompt was associated with reduced negative affect (within-subjects b = -0.03, p = 0.04; between-subjects b = -0.17, p \u3c .001) and enhanced positive affect (within-subjects b = 0.05, p = 0.004; between-subjects b = 0.13, p \u3c .001), and that experiencing beneficial changes to affect as a result of vaping at one daily survey predicted likelihood of vaping at the next (positive affect between-subjects b = 0.15, p = 0.02; negative affect between-subjects b = -0.4, p \u3c .001). Contrary to study hypotheses, participants’ beliefs about the positive and negative consequences of vaping at baseline were generally not associated with daily vaping behavior. Participants’ baseline belief that vaping provides negative affect reduction was associated with their change in negative affect following vaping in the daily surveys (b = -0.16, p = 0.04). This study is among the first to use EMA to examine vaping behaviors in-vivo and demonstrates that participants’ affective responses to vaping indeed influence their continued usage. These findings have implications for interventions aimed at curbing young adults’ e-cigarette consumption

Test of QED to fourth order by study of four-lepton final states in e(+)e(−) interactions at 29 GeV with the HRS detector

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.42.2180.Data taken with the High Resolution Spectrometer detector at the SLAC storage ring PEP were used to test QED to fourth order in the coupling constant α. The experiment studied four-lepton final states produced at high Q(2) in e(+)e(−) interactions at s√=29 GeV. All four final-state particles were detected at large angles with respect to the beam axis. We observed 17 e(+)e(−)e(+)e(−), 24 e(+)e(−)μ(+)μ(−), and 1 μ(+)μ(−)μ(+)μ(−) events with pair masses greater than 1 GeV/c(2) for an integrated luminosity of 291 pb(−1). The complete α(4) QED calculation agrees reasonably well with the data

P-wave charmed mesons in e(+)e(−) annihilation

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.41.774

Production cross section and topological decay branching fractions of the τ lepton

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.40.902.We report new measurements of the production cross section for the reaction e(+)e(−)→τ(+)τ(−) at s√=29 GeV, as well as the topological decay branching fractions of the τ lepton. The data were taken with the High Resolution Spectrometer at the SLAC e(+)e(−) colliding-beam facility PEP. The measured cross section yields Rττ=1.044±0.014±0.030 [where the first (second) error is statistical (systematic)], consistent with QED and corresponding to QED cutoff parameters of Λ+>129 GeV and Λ−>284 GeV at the 95% C.L. The fractions of τ decays into one and three charged particles are B1=0.864±0.003±0.003 and B3=0.135±0.003±0.003

Study of π(+)π(−) transitions from the Υ(3S) and a search for the hb

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.43.1448

Measurement of the cross section for γγ→pp¯

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.50.5484.A measurement of the cross section for γγ→pp¯ is performed at two-photon center-of-mass energies between 2.00 and 3.25 GeV. These results are obtained using e(+)e-→e(+)e-pp¯ events selected from 1.31 fb(-1) of data taken with the CLEO II detector. The measured cross section is in reasonable agreement with previous measurements and is in excellent agreement with recent calculations based on a diquark model. However, leading order QCD calculations performed using the Brodsky-Lepage formalism are well below the measured cross section

Production of η and ω mesons in τ decay and a search for second-class currents

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1993

Search for a neutral Higgs boson in B-meson decay

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.40.712.Using the CLEO detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring we have searched for neutral-Higgs-boson production in B decay, both through the exclusive modes B→H(0)K and B→H(0)K∗ using the decay of the H(0) into a pair of muons, pions, or kaons, and through the inclusive decay B→H(0)X using only the muon decay of the H(0). We find no evidence for a Higgs boson with a mass between 2m(μ) and 2m(τ)