Biomechanical Analysis of Flex Elbow on Bowling Speed in Cricket

Bowling in cricket is traditionally thought to be a rigid-arm motion, allowing no elbow straightening during the delivery phase. Conversely, research has shown that a perfectly rigid arm through delivery is practically unattainable, which has led to rule changes over the past years. The current rule requires a bowler not to increase the elbow angle by more than 158, thus requiring a measurement to confirm legality in suspect bowlers. This study examined whether such bowlers can produce an additional contribution to wrist/ball release speed by internal rotation of the upper arm. The kinematics of a bowling arm were calculated using a simple two-link model (upper arm and forearm). Using reported internal rotation speeds of the upper arm from baseball and bowling arm kinematics from cricket, the change in wrist joint speed was analysed as a function of effective arm length, and wrist distance from the internal rotation axis. A significant increase in wrist speed was noted. This suggests that bowlers who can maintain a fixed elbow flexion during delivery can produce distinctly greater wrist/ball speeds by using upper arm internal rotation

Biomechanical Analysis of Cricket Ball Throwing Techniques

This research article looks at the kinematic features of different throwing techniques (under-arm, side-arm and over-head) with particular emphasis on the techniques of throwing in cricket. The technique is subdivided into: (1) Wind up phase, (2) late cocking Phase and (3) arm acceleration phases. The study was used to form the samples as, sixty (60) elite cricket players. The mean age of the cricket players were (21.82±3.08) years, height  (62.38±7.22cm), weight (168.07±6.68kg). Each throwing techniques successful attempt for throwing distances 30m with 450 approach angle at 450, 900 and 1800 target angle from the stump were recorded using Canon Legaria SF-10, 8.1 Mp cameras in a field setting with (1/2000 shutter speed and at 30-60fps). The cameras were set-up on a rigid tripod and secured to the floor in the location. First camera was located to obtain maximum accuracy and second camera located to view the throwing performances, at given specified distance in the reconstruction of the two dimensional co-ordinate. The location of camera were chosen so that the optical axes of camera intersected perpendicularly to the designated plane .The accuracy of throwing performances were considered in identify the footage for addition and were subjected to analysis. Result revealed that the significant mean difference were found among different throwing kinematics as well as ball velocity and accuracy and the ball speed had to be high to carry the full distance of the throw in the shortest time

Javelin Throwing Technique: A Biomechanical Study

The purpose of this study was to analyze by correlational methods the biomechanical factors involved in achieving the maximal distance thrown in the javelin event. Six athlete from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India were filmed by a two high speed Canon Legaria SF-10, 8.1 Mp cameras in a field setting with (1/2000 shutter speed and at 30-60fps). The cameras were set-up on a rigid tripod and secured to the floor in the location. First camera was located to obtain maximum accuracy and second camera located to view the throwing performances, at given specified distance in the reconstruction of the two dimensional co-ordinate. The locations of camera were chosen so that the optical axes of camera intersected perpendicularly to the designated plane. Results of this study shows positive significant correlation was found between the throwing distance and the initial velocity, insignificant correlations were found between the throw distance and the release angle, attitude angle, attack angle and release height of javelin at the moment of javelin release. The results suggest that in order to attain maximal distance thrown the javelin thrower should achieve positive acceleration during the running approach, effective thrusting with the right leg on the penultimate stride and carry the javelin during the last strides at the optimal angle of release.Keywords: Javelin, Mechanics, Trajectory, Kinematics,body segmen

Probing Study on Facilities of Competitive Sports in District Jail, Lucknow (India)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate organizational structure, administrative frame-work andfacilities of Sports in District Jail of Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh, India. The sample of the present study wasdrawn randomly from the jail administrators, prisoners and physical educator(s) of District Jail of Lucknow.The size of the sample was 55 comprising 50 prisoners and 5 administrators. No physical educator(s) wasfound in the jail. Questionnaire taken for the study was developed by the researchers in a pilot study. Itincludes five sub-scales (a) Organizational Structure, (b) Administrative Frame-work, (c) Facilities ofSports, (d) Preference of Sports, and (e) Achievements in Sports. The percentile method was used in theanalysis of the results. The data indicates that some of the inmate information's intended to continue theirsports involvement following their release whereas some of the administrators recorded their responses to prescribe the Government of India for the proper sports facilities in their jail. Many of the inmates wouldrather watch sports events on television rather than participate in one themselves.Keywords: Organization; Facilities; Prisoners; Administrators; District Jail, Lucknow

Economical Evaluation of Sensation Seeking Among Different Levels Weight Lifters

The purpose of the present study was to compare the sensation seeking trait on different levels of weight lifters. The total hundred (50 State level and 50 All- India intervarsity level weight lifters) males were selected for this study. The age of the subjects were ranged between 18 to 25 years. The data on sensation seeking of the subjects were obtained by using a questionnaire developed by Neary and Zuckerman (1976). The t test was used to determine the difference between the mean score of different levels of weight lifters. Results revealed that there was a significant difference between different levels of weight lifters at 0.05 level of significance with 98 degree of freedom. Study showed that All- India intervarsity level weight lifters have higher level of sensation seeking as compared to State level weight lifters. Key words: weight lifters, Sensation seeking, Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seeking, Disinhibition, Boredom Susceptibility

Psychological Evaluation of Sensation Seeking and Anxiety State among Body Builders and Weight Lifters

The purpose of the present study was to compare the sensation seeking on Body Builders and Weight Lifters. The total hundred (5o body builders and 50 weight lifters) male All-India intervarsity players were selected for this study. The age of the subjects were ranged between 18 to 25 years. The data on sensation seeking and anxiety state of the subjects were obtained by using a questionnaire developed by Neary and Zuckerman (1976). The t test was used to determine the difference between the mean score of the body builders and weight lifters. Results revealed that there was a significant difference between body builders and weight lifters at 0.05 level of significance with 98 degree of freedom. Study showed that body builders have higher level of sensation seeking and anxiety state as compared to weight lifters

A Comparative Study of Body Builders and Weight Lifters on Somatotypes

The purpose of the present study was to compare the somatotypes of Body Builders and Weight Lifters. The total fifty (25 body builders and 25 weight lifters) male All-India intervarsity players were selected for this study. The age of the subjects were ranged between 18 to 25 years. The data on somatotypes of the subjects were obtained by using the Carter and Heath method, developed by Carter and Heath (1990). The t test was used to determine the difference between the mean score of the body builders and weight lifters. Results revealed that there was a significant difference between body builders and weight lifters at 0.05 level of significance with 48 degree of freedom. The result of the study showed that there was a significant difference between body builders and weight lifters of their endomorph. Weightlifters are tend to have more fat percentage as compared to bodybuilders. There was not much difference found in the mesomorphy status of the bodybuilders and weightlifters but the bodybuilders showed slightly more musculature than the weightlifters and in the ectomorphy status bodybuilders tend to be more ectomorph than weightlifters

Three Dimensional Analysis of Drag-flick in The Field Hockey of University Players

The penalty corner one of the most important technique to score the goal in field hockey. The penalty corner depends upon three different technical applications like push, stop and drag. Technical application of drag flick in penalty corner covered maximum number of successful goal. The main aim of this study was to analyze spatial and temporal kinematics in the drag flick of elite field hockey players. Two main drag flickers from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh hockey team were selected as a subject for this study. The body weight, Height and Age of each subject ware recorded subsequently Sub1=65 kg body weight, 180.50cm of height and 19 years of age and Sub2= 60 kg body weight, 167.00 cm of height and 19 years of age. A static calibration method was used to capture drag flick by Two Cameras, sampling at 50 Hz. Six successful trials at target were selected from each subject for the study.  Videos of selected trials were digitized by the Max Track 3D motion analysis software. The three dimensional (3D) motion was determined from digitized video analysis using 18-point body model together. Results of this study shows that spatial / temporal variable between the players, there exist little difference in stance width in ball contact phase, recommended that little or no difference exist in techniques between both players. Key points: spatial / temporal, kinematics, drag, digitized.

Videographical Analysis of Short Service in Badminton

The purpose of this study is to analyze the kinematic variables (shuttle velocity and racket angle) and segmental variables. For the purpose of the study eight male intervarsity badminton players were selected as the subjects. The mean age, height and body weight of the subjects were reported as 18.8± 0.9 years, 174.8± 3.5 cm & 66.9 ± 4.5 kg respectively. Canon Legria HF S10 Camcorder operating at 60 Hz used to record the movement. The identified clips were analyzed with the help of Silicon Coach Pro7 motion analysis software. The result of study revealed that there is significant difference existed between forehand short service and backhand short service at racket angle and shoulder angle. Whereas there was negative relationship exists between shoulder angle and shuttle velocity

Characterization preliminary breakdown in the measured lightning electric fields

In this study, characterization of measured electric fields due to lightning channel was done. Likewise, previous studies on this case were reviewed and discussed accordingly. Furthermore, preliminary breakdown was done in detail and it was indicated on the real measured electric fields and the results were discussed. The behavior of preliminary breakdown signal was observed. This study shows that it will be easier to design filtering of the preliminary breakdown. The result show compelling agreement with theoretical predictions and significant improvement over previous effort by Clarence and Malan, Weidman and Krider and Rakov, et al. the work presented here has profound implications for future studies of Preliminary Breakdown and may one day help solve the problem of designing protection level for Electrical Engineers. The results show that the occurrence of PBP is in between 2 to 10 milliseconds before return stroke as agreed with Clerence and Malan