45 research outputs found
Social citizenship and the transformations of wage labour in the making of Post-Apartheid South Africa, 1994-2001
Faculty of Humanities and social sciences
School of social sciences
8508612p
[email protected] work is an investigation of the relationships between waged labour and social citizenship
during the first decade of post-apartheid democracy in South Africa. In particular, I look at the ways
in which changing forms of work and employment have affected workers' access to social security,
contributory benefits and non-contributory grants. The dissertation analyses two case studies
(workers in the glass, paper and metal industry in the East Rand and Johannesburg municipal
employees) by focusing on how rising unemployment, job losses, precariousness and casualisation
impact on employees' social provisions. The research is connected to theoretical debates that, in the
developed and the developing world, have emphasised the importance of the waged condition and
of labour movements in expanding social security as part of the broader concept of social
citizenship. In classical theorisations, from T.H. Marshall to G. Esping-Andersen, social citizenship
defines a generation of rights premised on decommodification, or the provision of social goods
(including pensions, unemployment benefits, housing, healthcare and municipal services) as
entitlements aimed at minimising individual dependence on the labour market.
The concept of decommodification underpins this dissertation. My analysis of the
relationships between wage labour and social citizenship in South Africa is ultimately an inquiry of
the ways in which wage labour and working class organisations have been able to deepen and widen
the decommodification of workersâ livelihoods. This conceptual perspective is particularly relevant
to the South African case, especially in consideration of the decisive role played by organised
labour both in contributing to the downfall of apartheid and in spearheading post-apartheid
democratic institutions and progressive social policies. The historical role of organised labour in the
South African transition was not confined to workplace issues and unionised workers' concerns, but
it also emphasised broader demands for social citizenship rights, decommodified provisions and a
politics of community-based alliances. Influential scholarly works have often characterised these
aspects under the heading of "social movement unionism".
In a post-apartheid scenario, social movement unionism is increasingly embattled due to
rising unemployment and "atypical" employment, and to the adoption of market-orientated socioeconomic
policies by the post-1994 African National Congress government. Labour's ability to
promote agendas for decommodification and social citizenship are concurrently facing
uncomfortable realities and problematic questions. Has wage labour fulfilled its "promise" to be a
vehicle to expand the social rights of the working class and the poor? In which ways are
employment and labour market changes affecting organised labour's ability to expand areas of
societal decommodification? Are alternative identities and social citizenship discourses emerging in
response to the crisis of stable employment?
I address these questions by looking at workers' responses to the crisis of wage labour as
emerging in case studies âfrom belowâ, and at the ways in which such responses are framed and
elaborated within the post-1994 social policy discourse. A second component of my research,
therefore, is based on interviews with policy-makers and documentary analysis on the development
of social policy from 1994 to 2001, which emphasise shifting policy discourses on the wage laboursocial
citizenship interaction. In the final analysis, social citizenship emerges from this work not
merely as a static construct, centred on programmes and institutions, but as a terrain of negotiations
and a "contested field of signification", shaped by the encounter of institutional narratives and
meanings defined by grassroots agency.
The result of the research confirms that concepts of "social citizenship" and "wage labour"
are profoundly shaped by contradictions determined by underlying social contestation. In fact,
respondents in my case studies clearly perceive the crisis of stable, dignified employment as a
structural reality that requires systemic policy interventions. On the other hand, no homogenous
discourse is emerging in workersâ narratives to challenge deeply entrenched views of inclusion and
the social order as based on waged employment. Decommodification discourses, as for example
advanced by new social movements, remain therefore substantially limited. Conversely, the policy
discourse of democratic South Africa responds to the crisis, when not the actual disappearance, of
wage labour as a social reality with an aggressive reassertion of work ethic and wage discipline as
vehicles of social insertion and moral virtue. The ANC government often combines these arguments
with a clear rejecton of decommodification, often presented as "dependency" on welfare
"handouts", which undermines individual incentives for productive jobseeking behaviours.
The contradictions between the crisis of wage labour in social practices and modes of
reproduction, and the reasserted centrality of wage labour in the policy discourse as the main
modality of social citizenship and inclusion opens new directions for research and interrogates
changing forms of social identities, contestation and political legitimacy in the South African
transition
Commercialisation of waste management in South Africa
The collection of household refuse â or the lack thereof â is one of
the most powerful visual benchmarks of inequality in South Africa.
Although the situation has improved somewhat since 1994, formerly
whites-only suburbs are still kept immaculately clean with regular
door-to-door refuse collection and teams of street sweepers, while most
black township and rural area residents are forced to dump their refuse
in open spaces or in unsealed communal skips. Street cleaning is often
non-existent, and where it is available workers are often unable to cope
with the volume of uncollected waste. As a visual indicator of change,
solid waste management acts as a daily reminder to millions of poor South
Africans that their health, safety, and living environments have changed
very little in the past seven years.
Municipal governments in South Africa have been turning increasingly
to commercialisation (i.e., privatisation, outsourcing, corporatisation) as a
way of addressing this refuse collection backlog. Why this has happened,
and how successful it has been at addressing the problem, are the subjects
of the two papers in this collection. The first paper looks at a micro-enterprise
refuse collection programme in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, known
as the Billy Hattingh scheme. The second looks at the newly-corporatised
refuse collection service in Johannesburg called âPikitupâ. Although very
different in their institutional make-up and size, these two initiatives are
both driven by the same commercialisation impulse that is reshaping the
waste management sector throughout South Africa. The papers also offer
remarkably similar insights into the dangers of running waste management
âlike a businessâ.
This introduction provides a summary of the findings of these two
research reports and groups them into four themes: concerns about the
entrenchment of a two-tiered refuse collection system; a lack of proper
public consultation in the commercialisation process; the loss of public sector skills; and the impact of service restructuring on municipal workers
Fungicidal activity and PK/PD of caspofungin as tools to guide antifungal therapy in a fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis candidemia
Candida parapsilosis may be responsible for bloodstream infections (BSI) and it is characterised by an increased incidence of fluconazole resistance. A 75-year old woman with severe comorbidities received the insertion of a peripherally inserted central venous catheter. Fluconazole did not prevent a C. parapsilosis BSI hence caspofungin was started after a nephrotoxic first-line treatment with amphotericin B. The ratio of peak plasma concentration over the minimum inhibitory concentration (Cmax/MIC) was adopted to maximise efficacy of caspofungin. MIC and plasma Cmax values were obtained by broth microdilution and LC-MS, respectively. Interestingly, daily doses of 1ĂÂ mg/kg (total daily dose, 50ĂÂ mg) allowed the achievement of Cmax/MIC valuesĂÂ > 10. The optimised regimen was safe and effective, leading to negative blood culture at day 8. The patient was discharged home at day 21. Therefore, individualised dosing regimens of caspofungin may be effective and safe even in the case of C. parapsilosis BSI
Transformative sensemaking: Development in Whose Image? Keyan Tomaselli and the semiotics of visual representation
The defining and distinguishing feature of homo sapiens is its ability to make sense of the world, i.e. to use its intellect to understand and change both itself and the world of which it is an integral part. It is against this backdrop that this essay reviews Tomaselli's 1996 text, Appropriating Images: The Semiotics of Visual Representation/ by summarizing his key perspectives, clarifying his major operational concepts and citing particular portions from his work in support of specific perspectives on sense-making. Subsequently, this essay employs his techniques of sense-making to interrogate the notion of "development". This exercise examines and confirms two interrelated hypotheses: first, a semiotic analysis of the privileged notion of "development" demonstrates its metaphysical/ ideological, and thus limiting, nature especially vis-a-vis the marginalized, excluded, and the collective other, the so-called Developing Countries. Second, the interrogative nature of semiotics allows for an alternative reading and application of human potential or skills in the quest of a more humane social and global order, highlighting thereby the transformative implications of a reflexive epistemology.Web of Scienc
Without the blanket of the land: agrarian change and biopolitics in postâApartheid South Africa
This paper connects Marxist approaches to the agrarian political
economy of South Africa with post-Marshallian and Foucauldian
analyses of distributional regimes and late capitalist
governmentality. Looking at South Africaâs stalled agrarian
transition through the lens of biopolitics as well as class analysis
can make visible otherwise disregarded connections between
processes of agrarian change and broader contests about the
terms of social and economic incorporation into the South African
social and political order before, during and after Apartheid. This
can bring a fresh sense of the broader political implications of the
course of agrarian change in South Africa, and helps contextualise
the enduring salience of land as a flashpoint within South Africaâs
unresolved democratic transition
Glen Adler (ed.) Engaging the state and business : The Labour Movement and Co-determination in South Africa (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2000).
Flexibility and changes in forms of workplace subjectivity: a case study of the South African automobile assembly industry
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology. Johannesburg, 1997.This thesis is an investigation into worker responses to restructuring of work and production
organisation in a South African automobile manufacturing company. The orgnnisation of work
and production is analysed as part of managerial strategies aimed at promoting flexibility
Worker responses will be conceptualized in a general model of worker subjectivity. Subjectivity
here means the process through which workers make sense of changes in factory life according
to regulative ideas and general moral and cultural constructions of the meanings of industrial
work.
I adopted a method based on observational research and semi-structured interviews with a
group of workers, integrated by archival research and interviews with managers and union
organisers,
The results of my enquiry confirm hypotheses and theoretical frameworks critical towards the
notion of flexibility as representing a clear divide with traditional "mass production" methods.
In fact, managerial promotion of flexibility coexists here with relevant continuities in hierarchical
and authoritarian structures, paternalism, lack of skills' recognition, use of technology as a
mainly cost-cutting device, routinisation and lack of worker responsibility and independence.
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