Thyroiditis: clinical aspects and diagnostic imaging.

Thyroiditis belongs to a heterogeneous group of inflammatory thyroid diseases. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, has an autoimmune pathogenesis: patients can be euthyroid or develop hypothyroidism, but may also experience transient thyrotoxicosis. Silent and postpartum thyroiditis also recognize an autoimmune origin; their clinical course being characterized by transient thyrotoxicosis occurring either sporadically or post-partum. Subacute thyroiditis is a painful, inflammatory disease of viral origin. Acute thyroiditis is a rare, serious, bacterial inflammatory disease. Riedel's thyroiditis is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by dense thyroid fibrosis. A diffuse thyroid hypoechogenicity is the hallmark of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, due to extensive lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. In postpartum and silent thyroiditis a diffuse or multifocal hypoechogenicity is found, while subacute thyroiditis is characterized by multiple ill-defined and migrating hypoechogenic areas. Both in acute and Riedel's thyroiditis there is marked hypoechogenicity

Antithyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in thyroid diseases

Thyroid microsomal antibodies (anti-M Ab) have been recently proven to be directed to thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Methods to detect anti-TPO antibodies (anti-TPO Ab) employing purified antigen have been developed, but the available information on the clinical usefulness of this technique is still limited to small patient series. In the present investigation anti-TPO Ab were assayed by a newly developed monoclonal antibody-assisted RIA in a large number (n = 715) of subjects, including 119 normal controls and 596 patients with different autoimmune or nonautoimmune thyroid disease: Anti-TPO Ab were detected in 10 of 119 (8.4%; range, 11-210 U/mL) normal controls, 134 of 181 (74%; range, 11-74.000 U/mL) patients with Graves' disease, all but 1 of 144 (99.3%; range, 11-90.000 U/mL) with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (n - 98) or idiopathic myxedema (n = 46), 20 of 180 (11.1%; range, 11-6.700 U/mL) with miscellaneous nonautoimmune thyroid diseases, 16 of 83 (19.2%; range, 11-6.600 U/mL) patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, and in none of 8 patients with subacute thyroiditis. The highest anti-TPO Ab concentrations were found in untreated hypothyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but no simple relationship between anti-TPO Ab levels and thyroid function was observed. Anti-TPO Ab significantly decreased in patients with Graves' disease after treatment with methimazole and in those with hypothyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis or idiopathic myxedema during L-T4 administration. A highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.979; P less than 0.001) was found between anti-M Ab titers by passive hemagglutination (PH; available in 650 sera) and the corresponding average anti-TPO Ab by RIA; discrepant results were almost exclusively limited to sera with negative or low (1:100-1:400) anti-M Ab titers. Analysis of these discrepant data indicated higher autoimmune disease specificity and sensitivity of anti-TPO Ab RIA tests compared to anti-M Ab by PH. Absorption studies showed that interference of anti-Tg Ab was responsible for anti-M Ab-positive tests in occasional anti-TPO Ab-negative/anti-M Ab-positive sera from autoimmune thyroid disease patients. Anti-TPO Ab determination by RIA was unaffected by circulating thyroglobulin concentrations up to more than 10,000 ng/mL. In conclusion, anti-TPO Ab assay by monoclonal antibody-assisted RIA appears to be more sensitive and specific for thyroid autoimmune diseases than anti-M Ab determination by PH. Since the assay is easy to perform and employs only tracer amounts of purified antigen, these characteristics should allow its rapid diffusion to the clinical routine