4,372 research outputs found
Modeling Bitcoin Contracts by Timed Automata
Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer cryptographic currency system. Since its
introduction in 2008, Bitcoin has gained noticeable popularity, mostly due to
its following properties: (1) the transaction fees are very low, and (2) it is
not controlled by any central authority, which in particular means that nobody
can "print" the money to generate inflation. Moreover, the transaction syntax
allows to create the so-called contracts, where a number of
mutually-distrusting parties engage in a protocol to jointly perform some
financial task, and the fairness of this process is guaranteed by the
properties of Bitcoin. Although the Bitcoin contracts have several potential
applications in the digital economy, so far they have not been widely used in
real life. This is partly due to the fact that they are cumbersome to create
and analyze, and hence risky to use.
In this paper we propose to remedy this problem by using the methods
originally developed for the computer-aided analysis for hardware and software
systems, in particular those based on the timed automata. More concretely, we
propose a framework for modeling the Bitcoin contracts using the timed automata
in the UPPAAL model checker. Our method is general and can be used to model
several contracts. As a proof-of-concept we use this framework to model some of
the Bitcoin contracts from our recent previous work. We then automatically
verify their security in UPPAAL, finding (and correcting) some subtle errors
that were difficult to spot by the manual analysis. We hope that our work can
draw the attention of the researchers working on formal modeling to the problem
of the Bitcoin contract verification, and spark off more research on this
topic
Scaling of geometric phases close to quantum phase transition in the XY chain
We show that geometric phase of the ground state in the XY model obeys
scaling behavior in the vicinity of a quantum phase transition. In particular
we find that geometric phase is non-analytical and its derivative with respect
to the field strength diverges at the critical magnetic field. Furthermore,
universality in the critical properties of the geometric phase in a family of
models is verified. In addition, since quantum phase transition occurs at a
level crossing or avoided level crossing and these level structures can be
captured by Berry curvature, the established relation between geometric phase
and quantum phase transitions is not a specific property of the XY model, but a
very general result of many-body systems.Comment: 4 page
Modelling thermal flow in a transition regime using a lattice Boltzmann approach
Lattice Boltzmann models are already able to capture important rarefied flow phenomena, such as velocity-slip and temperature jump, provided the effects of the Knudsen layer are minimal. However, both conventional hydrodynamics, as exemplified by the Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations, and the lattice Boltzmann method fail to predict the nonlinear velocity and temperature variations in the Knudsen layer that have been observed in kinetic theory. In the present paper, we propose an extension to the lattice Boltzmann method that will enable the simulation of thermal flows in the transition regime where Knudsen layer effects are significant. A correction function is introduced that accounts for the reduction in the mean free path near a wall. This new approach is compared with direct simulation Monte Carlo data for Fourier flow and good qualitative agreement is obtained for Knudsen numbers up to 1.58
PCN20 INFUSION REACTIONS IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH ANTI-EGFR MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THERAPIES FOR METASTATIC COLORECTAL CANCER: RATES AND IMPACT FROM LITERATURE REVIEW
Incompressible Quantum Liquids and New Conservation Laws
In this letter we investigate a class of Hamiltonians which, in addition to
the usual center-of-mass (CM) momentum conservation, also have center-of-mass
position conservation. We find that regardless of the particle statistics, the
energy spectrum is at least q-fold degenerate when the filling factor is ,
where and are coprime integers. Interestingly the simplest Hamiltonian
respecting this type of symmetry encapsulates two prominent examples of novel
states of matter, namely the fractional quantum Hall liquid and the quantum
dimer liquid. We discuss the relevance of this class of Hamiltonian to the
search for featureless Mott insulators.Comment: updated version, to be published by PR
Critical behavior of systems with long-range interaction in restricted geometry
The present review is devoted to the problems of finite-size scaling due to
the presence of long-range interaction decaying at large distance as
, . The attention is focused mainly on the
renormalization group results in the framework of -
theory for systems with fully finite (block) geometry under periodic boundary
conditions. Some bulk critical properties and Monte Carlo results also are
reviewed. The role of the cutoff effects as well their relation with those
originating from the long-range interaction is also discussed. Special
attention is paid to the description of the adequate mathematical technique
that allows to treat the long-range and short-range interactions on equal
ground. The review closes with short discussion of some open problems.Comment: New figures are added. Now 17 pages including 4 figures. Accepted for
publication in Modren Physics Letter
On the finite-size behavior of systems with asymptotically large critical shift
Exact results of the finite-size behavior of the susceptibility in
three-dimensional mean spherical model films under Dirichlet-Dirichlet,
Dirichlet-Neumann and Neumann-Neumann boundary conditions are presented. The
corresponding scaling functions are explicitly derived and their asymptotics
close to, above and below the bulk critical temperature are obtained. The
results can be incorporated in the framework of the finite-size scaling theory
where the exponent characterizing the shift of the finite-size
critical temperature with respect to is smaller than , with
being the critical exponent of the bulk correlation length.Comment: 24 pages, late
Hermes and the spin of the proton
HERMES is a second generation experiment to study the spin structure of the
nucleon, in which measurements of the spin dependent properties of
semi-inclusive deep-inelastic lepton scattering are emphasized. Data have been
accumulated for semi-inclusive pion, kaon, and proton double-spin asymmetries,
as well as for high-p_T hadron pairs, and single-spin azimuthal asymmetries for
pion electroproduction and deep virtual Compton scattering. These results
provide information on the flavor decomposition of the polarized quark
distributions in the nucleon and a first glimpse of the gluon polarization,
while the observation of the azimuthal asymmetries show promise for probing the
tensor spin of the nucleon and isolating the total angular momentum carried by
the quarks.Comment: LaTeX, 21 page
Walks on weighted networks
We investigate the dynamics of random walks on weighted networks. Assuming
that the edge's weight and the node's strength are used as local information by
a random walker, we study two kinds of walks, weight-dependent walk and
strength-dependent walk. Exact expressions for stationary distribution and
average return time are derived and confirmed by computer simulations. We
calculate the distribution of average return time and the mean-square
displacement for two walks on the BBV networks, and find that a
weight-dependent walker can arrive at a new territory more easily than a
strength-dependent one.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures. minor modifications. Comments and suggestions are
favored by the author
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