THE RATIONALISATION OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES FOR PIG HOUSING

This study consisted of a series of experiments which investigated the water use of growing/finishing pigs (25-90 kg), newly weaned pigs (5- 12 kg) and gestating sows. Drinker type was found to affect water use in growing pigs. For example significantly more water (28 %) was used from Mono-flo nipple drinkers than Arato bite drinkers (P<0.01). For all classes of pigs studied water use was significantly increased by increasing the water delivery rate. The percent increase in water use over the extremes of water delivery rate tested in individual trials were respectively: ration fed growing pigs, 105 % (300-900 cm³ /min P<0.001); ad libitum fed growing pigs, 52% (200-1100 cm³/min P<0.01); gestating sows, 25% (500-2500 cm³/min P<0:01); and newly weaned pigs 109% (175-700 cm³ /min P<0.001). In newly weaned piglets, increasing the water delivery rate from 175 to 700 cm³/min resulted in a significant increase in feed intake (44 g/piglet/day, P<0.001) and growth rate (37 g/piglet/day, P<0.01). For growing pigs (27-55 kg), a relationship was established between water intake, feed intake and liveweight, from which it could be hypothesised that the pig had a limit to daily volumetric intake. This was found to be 12.0 ±1.2 % of liveweight. When feed intake was restricted, water intake increased to maintain the 12% volumetric limit. This hypothesis was validated from other published work extending the weight range to 105 kg. Evidence was produced indicating that newly weaned pigs also have a constant volumetric daily limit. It is suggested that in cases where feed intake needs to be restricted, water intake could be manipulated in order to limit feed intake. This would permit the wider use of ad lib feeding systems and the welfare benefits these allow. The water use of a grower/finisher unit was modelled according to a 12 % volumetric limit and the factors affecting water intake and wastage. The water intake of grower/finisher pigs was predicted using this model. This enabled the percentage of water wasted by different drinker types and delivery rates to be estimated. For wet fed pigs, increasing the water to feed ratio from 1.63:1 to 3. 25: 1 significantly increased feed digestibility (P<0. 05). As many experiments conducted to evaluate the digestible energy of feeds may have used low feed to water ratios (generally around 2:1) it is suggested that many of these studies have attributed incorrect nutritional values to raw materials used in diets for pigs.South West Wate

Parametric Investigation of a Laboratory Drop Test to Simulate Base Acceleration Induced By Wave Impacts of High Speed Planing Craft

High speed operations in a small craft can be physically punishing and, in some circumstances, even dangerous for the crew. The aspect of small craft operations that make them punishing for the crew is wave slamming generated by wave impacts as the craft is traveling over the seas at high speed. The initial step of this thesis effort was to perform a literature survey to determine what knowledge existed within the technical and academic community about wave slamming and simulating them with drop tests. Eventually, a final experiment strongly influenced by the experiment model found in (Protocol 1, 2014) was formulated. Technical drawings were produced which in turn were given to the NSWCCD DN waterfront fabrication shop at Naval Station Norfolk for fabrication. The fabricated hardware was assembled and instrumented. A predetermined series of drops were performed and data was recorded and analyzed. Once the reduced data was obtained, trends were observed and conclusions of the research were drawn. Finally, the math models were generated using tools in MATLAB. The math models can be used as a tool to customize a drop test that can simulate a single wave impact. An example of how to customize a drop test to simulate a single wave impact is provided

The Role of SAF

Membership in the Society of American Foresters is especially useful to students and recent graduates. A common cliche among job hunters goes, It\u27s not what you know but who you know. I like to think that our profession, with its well-respected SAP accreditation of forestry programs, stresses education over contacts. But even in forestry, the people you know can make a big difference in your Career

An evaluation of a microwave technique for moisture content determination in snap beans

A study was conducted to compare a microwave oven procedure to the convection oven method for moisture determination of snap beans. Emphasis was on correlating microwave measurements with convection oven drying results. Drying parameters considered were sample preparation, microwave drying time, and number of samples per microwave load. A dehumidifier was used to obtain a range of initial moisture values. The majority of the pods were pureed in a food processor for the microwave treatment combination procedure. The preliminary results for the convection oven revealed that whole or puree sample preparation had little effect on indicated moisture contents for the ranges tested. Whole sample preparation was selected as the reference moisture technique and was used to evaluate the microwave procedure. Microwave oven preliminary results indicated that time intervals and number of samples had a major effect upon the indicated moisture content. The time intervals (8, 10, 12, and 18 minutes) and the number of samples per load (2, 3, and 4) were evaluated for the treatment com-binations to determine percent moisture. For determination of moisture in snap beans using the microwave oven at the No. 6 power setting, the indicated moisture contents given by drying three (10 gram) samples for 12 minutes were significantly different than convection dried samples at the 99% level of probabil-ity. Even though they were statistically diffeernt, the moisture contents had the best linear relationship with the convection moisture contents. A convection percent moisture prediction equation was established. Thus, the time reduction from 24 hours to 12 minutes offered by the microwave procedure has potential for moisture determination in snap beans

Leeds Corporation, 1835-1905: a history of its environmental, social and administrative services

This thesis examines the growth of local government services provided by the corporation of Leeds between 1835 and 1905. At the beginning of the period, the newly-established reformed corporation was assigned a very limited role in the government of the community which was practically confined to the management and finance of the police force. But over the subsequent seventy years its range of activities widened considerably and by the early twentieth century its policies had exerted a major influence upon the urban environment. Included in this survey are public health; public amenities, such as markets, parks, public libraries, and baths; municipal utilities, namely water, gas, tramways and electricity; slum clearance; labour relations and public assistance schemes for the unemployed; and those aspects of the regulation of private enterprise which were within the province of local government. The introduction outlines the structure of local government in the eighteen thirties, and chapter one then examines the government of Leeds by the council, highway surveyors and the improvement commission up to 1842, the date at which the municipality became responsible for the administration of the new improvement act. The next chapter con-siders the activities of the council over the following twenty years, and chapter three assesses the uneven, and in many ways disappointing achievement of these years and suggests reasons for this. In the post-1865 period the arrangement of chapters is thematic rather than chronological. Chapter four is concerned with public health over the forty years up to 1905, and chapter five with the marked expansion of public enterprise which occurred in the same period. Chapter six deals with a subject which was of no significance in municipal policy before the mid-sixties, namely the 'housing problem' and slum clearance. Chapter seven contains a survey of labour relations and municipal unemployment programmes in the later decades of the period, and chapter eight examines some aspects of finance and administration over the whole seventy years. In the last chapter we consider some general questions of motivation

A behavioural investigation of the function of glycoprotein fucosylation in learning and memory in the day-old domestic chicken.

Two new paradigms of learning in the day-old domestic chick were developed and tested. The first was a serial colour-discrimination passive avoidance task, similar to that used by Gibbs and Ng (1977), in which chicks were trained to discriminate between red and green stimuli by pairing one with the bitter taste of methylanthranilate. The second was a sickness-conditioned aversion task, similar to that developed by Garcia and Ervin (1968), in which chicks were trained to associate pecking at a stimulus with subsequent sickness, induced by lithium chloride injection. 2-Deoxy galactose (2-Dgal), a fucose analogue that inhibits the completion of brain fucosylglycoproteins, induced amnesia for both tasks when injected into both hemispheres of the forebrain before training. Amnesia was similarly induced for the passive avoidance task when 2-Dgal was injected into the right forebrain alone, but not the left forebrain. This indicates that fucosylglycoprotein incorporation has a more important function in the right forebrain after passive avoidance training. No amnesia for the sickness-conditioned aversion task was detected after injection of 2- Dgal into either the left or the right forebrain alone. Thus either hemisphere was capable of learning this task but only one hemisphere was required. 2-Dgal was tested for a state-dependent action in both learning paradigms, by readministration of the drug before the retention test, in a 2x2 experimental design. The amnesia was not state-dependent, since readministration of 2-Dgal did not lead to recall of the learned response in either task. Thus the amnesia was not due to learned information becoming cue-dependent. Instead, amnesia was caused by the direct interruption of molecular processes necessary for memory formation. The results are discussed in the context of previous biochemical and morphological findings concerning fucosylglycoprotein incorporation and synaptic remodeling