MOESM1 of Adequate vitamin D status is associated with the reduced odds of prevalent diabetic retinopathy in African Americans and Caucasians

Additional file 1: Table S1.  Adjusted* ORs and 95 % CI for diabetic retinopathy by reported quartile (Q) of dietary vitamin D intake from foods (IU/day) and by frequency of consumption of vitamin D rich foods at visit 1 (1987–1989) among Caucasian and African American ARIC study participants classified as having diabetes and having gradable eye photos at visit 3 (1993–95) and dietary data at visit 1 (N = 1305†)

Ten-year CAC progression by baseline AMD status (No AMD vs. Any AMD).

<p>Ten-year CAC progression by baseline AMD status (No AMD vs. Any AMD).</p

Flow diagram describing the studied cohort.

<p>Flow diagram describing the studied cohort.</p

Serum Phosphate and Retinal Microvascular Changes: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Beaver Dam Eye Study

<p><b><i>Purpose</i></b>: Higher levels of serum phosphate are strongly linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and therapies aimed to lower serum phosphate are employed in the management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Data are limited, however, on serum phosphate as a risk factor for microvascular disease in community-based populations. It is important to determine the impact of novel risk factors, such as phosphate, on the microvasculature.</p> <p><b><i>Methods</i></b>: We conducted a prospective study of 3919 individuals in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and 3544 individuals in the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES) to test the associations of serum phosphate with retinopathy and retinal vessel caliber, and change in retinopathy severity and change in retinal vessel caliber.</p> <p><b><i>Results</i></b>: Mean (standard deviation) serum phosphate was 3.66 (0.52) mg/dl in the MESA and 3.77 (0.55) mg/dl in the BDES. In multivariable adjusted models, phosphate was significantly associated with prevalent retinopathy in the MESA (Odds Ratio [OR] per 1 mg/dl increase in phosphate, 1.22; Confidence Interval [CI] 1.02–1.47) and the BDES (OR 1.06; CI 1.01–1.11). In stratified analyses, these relationships were even stronger and only seen in individuals with diabetes in both the MESA (OR 1.81; CI 1.30–2.53) and the BDES (OR 1.16; CI 1.05–1.29). Phosphate was not associated with incident or change in retinopathy severity, nor any retinal caliber outcome.</p> <p><b><i>Conclusions</i></b>: Among community-living individuals with low prevalence of CKD, higher serum phosphate was associated with prevalent retinopathy in individuals with diabetes. Further longitudinal assessments in patients with diabetes necessitate further investigation.</p

A-B) An illustration of neurogenesis in the SVZ-RMS-OB A) WT vs B) tgHD rats.

<p>C-D) Schematic representation of migration of precursors cell along the RMS-OB of C) WT rats and D) ectopic migration of neuroblast and appearance of pSmad2 signal (Green) in the striatum and reduced neurogenesis in the OB of tgHD. CB; Cerebellum, Ctx;cortex, DG; dentate gyrus, SVZ; Subventricular zone, Stri; Striatum, RMS; Rostral Migratory Stream, OB; Olfactory Bulb.</p

A, B) BrdU positive cells (24) in the SVZ of A) WT and B) tgHD rats.

<p>C) Quantitative analysis of BrdU positive cells after 24 hours treatment. Note, there is a significant reduction in proliferating cells in the SVZ of tg HD rats compared to WT(WT = 4, HD = 8; Student t test, P value = 0.0070). D-F) BrdU positive cells (30 days) in the SVZ of D) WT and E) tgHD rats. F) Quantitative analysis of BrdU positive cells (30 days). Note, there is a reduction in label retention in the SVZ of tgHD rats compared to WT (WT = 4, HD = 8; Student t test, P value = 0.0017). Sale bar = 100 μm.</p

A, B) DCX positive cells in the striatum of A) WT and B) tgHD rats.

<p>C) Quantitative analyses of DCX positive cells in the striatum of the OB. Note, there is a notable appearance of DCX positive cells in the striatum of tgHD rats which resulted in a significant increase in DCX positive cells in striatum of tgHD rats compared to WT (WT = 4, HD = 8; Student t test, P value = 0.0084). *An inset is higher magnifications of the selected field. Sale bar is 100 μm.</p

A, B) BrdU positive cells (24h) in the GCL and GLOM of A,D) WT and B,E) tgHD rats respectively.

<p>Quantitative analyses of BrdU positive cells after 24 hours treatment in the C) GCL and F) GLOM of the OB. Note, there is a significant reduction in proliferating cells in the GCL (WT = 4, HD = 8; Student t test, P value = 0.0020) and GLOM (WT = 4, HD = 8; Student t test, P value = 0.0006) of OB in tgHD rats compared to WT. Sale bar = 100μm.</p

A, B) BrdU positive cells after 4 weeks in the straitum of E) WT and F) tgHD rats.

<p>C) Quantitative analysis of BrdU positive cells after 4 weeks treatment. Note there is a significant reduction in cell survival in the SVZ of tgHD rats compared to WT (WT = 4, HD = 8; Student t test, P value = 0.0001). Scale bar = 100 μm.</p

Association between obesity (BMI >30.0 kg/m²) and CRAE (<i>A</i>), and CRVE (<i>B</i>) in adults (maximum level of adjustment).

<p>Association between obesity (BMI >30.0 kg/m²) and CRAE (<i>A</i>), and CRVE (<i>B</i>) in adults (maximum level of adjustment).</p