Bistable Helmholtz dark spatial optical solitons in materials with self-defocusing saturable nonlinearity

We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first exact dark spatial solitons of a nonlinear Helmholtz equation with a self-defocusing saturable refractive-index model. These solutions capture oblique (arbitrary-angle) propagation in both the forward and backward directions, and they can also exhibit a bistability characteristic. A detailed derivation is presented, obtained by combining coordinate transformations and direct-integration methods, and the corresponding solutions of paraxial theory are recovered asymptotically as a subset. Simulations examine the robustness of the new Helmholtz solitons, with stationary states emerging from a range of perturbed input beams

The longitudinal validity of the GLI reference values. Difference between z-scores at baseline and follow-up (z_f − z_b).

<p>Two one-sided tests for equivalence were performed to establish equivalence between the mean z-scores of the GLI reference population and SALIA.</p

Comparison of baseline characteristics of healthy never-smoking women (HNSW) lost to follow-up and available at follow-up.

<p>Differences in the continuous variables were tested with the two-sample t-test and differences in the categorical variables were tested with Fisher’s exact test at the 5% significance level.</p

The SALIA collective at baseline (1985–1994) and follow-up examination (2008/2009 and 2012/2013).

<p>The SALIA collective at baseline (1985–1994) and follow-up examination (2008/2009 and 2012/2013).</p

GLI-based z-scores of all healthy never-smoking women (HNSW) grouped by time of examination (baseline and follow-up).

<p>Two one-sided tests for equivalence were performed to establish equivalence between the mean z-score of the GLI reference population and SALIA (p<0.05).</p

Comparison of measured SALIA values (HNSW) for FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC with height-adjusted predicted means of the GLI reference values and older NHANES III and ECSC reference values (n = 299).

<p>Comparison of measured SALIA values (HNSW) for FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC with height-adjusted predicted means of the GLI reference values and older NHANES III and ECSC reference values (n = 299).</p

Description of the study characteristics of the healthy never-smoking women (HNSW) at baseline and follow-up examination.

<p>Description of the study characteristics of the healthy never-smoking women (HNSW) at baseline and follow-up examination.</p

Additional file 3: Table S3a. of Prospective associations of meat consumption during childhood with measures of body composition during adolescence: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts

Prospective association of tertiles of meat and meat protein intakes with FMI and FFMI in females (n = 636) adjusted for EAA, SFA, MUFA or PUFA. Table S3b. Prospective association of tertiles of meat and meat protein intakes with FMI and FFMI in males (n = 673) adjusted for EAA, SFA, MUFA or PUFA. (PDF 272 kb

Comparison of Liver Fat Indices for the Diagnosis of Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance

<div><p>Context</p><p>Hepatic steatosis, defined as increased hepatocellular lipid content (HCL), associates with visceral obesity and glucose intolerance. As exact HCL quantification by ¹H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) is not generally available, various clinical indices are increasingly used to predict steatosis.</p><p>Objective</p><p>The purpose of this study was to test the accuracy of NAFLD liver fat score (NAFLD-LFS), hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and fatty liver index (FLI) against ¹H-MRS and their relationships with insulin sensitivity and secretion.</p><p>Design, Setting and Participants</p><p>Ninety-two non-diabetic, predominantly non-obese humans underwent clinical examination, ¹H-MRS and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to calculate insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. Accuracy of indices was assessed from the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC).</p><p>Results</p><p>Median HCL was 2.49% (0.62;4.23) and correlated with parameters of glycemia across all subjects. NAFLD-LFS, FLI and HSI yielded AROCs of 0.70, 0.72, and 0.79, respectively, and related positively to HCL, insulin resistance, fasting and post-load β-cell function normalized for insulin resistance. Upon adjustment for age, sex and HCL, regression analysis revealed that NAFLD-LFS, FLI and HSI still independently associated with both insulin sensitivity and β-cell function.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The tested indices offer modest efficacy to detect steatosis and cannot substitute for fat quantification by ¹H-MRS. However, all indices might serve as surrogate parameters for liver fat content and also as rough clinical estimates of abnormal insulin sensitivity and secretion. Further validation in larger collectives such as epidemiological studies is needed.</p></div

Association of indices with insulin sensitivity and β-cell function after adjustment for age, sex, HCL and LRA.

<p>*, p<0.05;</p><p>**, p<0.01;</p><p>***, p<0.001;</p><p>B-cell func, B-cell function.</p