Performance and wake characteristics of tidal turbines in an infinitely large array

The efficiency of tidal stream turbines in a large array depends on the balance between negative effects of turbine-wake interactions and positive effects of bypass-flow acceleration due to local blockage, both of which are functions of the layout of turbines. In this study we investigate the hydrodynamics of turbines in an infinitely large array with aligned or staggered layouts for a range of streamwise and lateral turbine spacing. First, we present a theoretical analysis based on an extension of the linear momentum actuator disc theory for perfectly aligned and staggered layouts, employing a hybrid inviscid-viscous approach to account for the local blockage effect within each row of turbines and the viscous (turbulent) wake mixing behind each row in a coupled manner. We then perform large-eddy simulation (LES) of open-channel flow for 28 layouts of tidal turbines using an actuator line method with doubly periodic boundary conditions. Both theoretical and LES results show that the efficiency of turbines (or the power of turbines for a given bulk velocity) in an aligned array decreases as we reduce the streamwise turbine spacing, whereas that in a staggered array remains high and may even increase due to the positive local blockage effect (causing the local flow velocity upstream of each turbine to exceed the bulk velocity) if the lateral turbine spacing is sufficiently small. The LES results further reveal that the amplitude of wake meandering tends to decrease as we reduce the lateral turbine spacing, which leads to a lower wake recovery rate in the near-wake region. These results will help to understand and improve the efficiency of tidal turbines in future large arrays, even though the performance of real tidal arrays may depend not only on turbine-to-turbine interactions within the array but also on macro-scale interactions between the array and natural tidal currents, the latter of which are outside the scope of this study

Conservation equations for open-channel flow : effects of bed roughness and secondary currents

Special thanks to Dr Mark Stewart, who originally designed the bed elevation model used in this study.Peer reviewe

Leaky barriers: leaky enough for fish to pass?

Perceived as environmental-friendly hydraulic structures, leaky barriers used for natural flood management are introduced into rivers, potentially creating migration barriers for fish. Using sustainable, local materials to construct wooden barriers across river channels in upper catchments, these barriers aim to slow down the flow, reduce flood peaks and attenuate the flow reaching downstream communities. Yet little is known about their impact on hydrodynamics and fish passage. Here, we examined two model barrier designs under 100% and 80% bankfull flow conditions in an open channel flume. These barriers included a porous and a non-porous design, with the latter emulating the natural accumulation of brush, sediment and leaf material between logs over time. Flow visualization and velocity measurements recorded with acoustic Doppler velocimetry characterized the flow field upstream and downstream of the barriers. Our fish behavioural studies revealed that juvenile salmon (Salmo salar) movement between downstream and upstream sections of the flume was inhibited by barrier design rather than discharge, influencing upstream fish passage and their spatial preference, indicating the importance of barrier design criteria to facilitate fish movement

An actuator surface model to simulate vertical axis turbines

An actuator surface model (ASM) to be employed to simulate the effect of a vertical axis turbine on the hydrodynamics in its vicinity, particularly its wake is introduced. The advantage of the newly developed ASM is that it can represent the complex flow inside the vertical axis turbine’s perimeter reasonably well, and hence, is able to predict, with a satisfying degree of accuracy, the turbine’s near-wake, with a low computational cost. The ASM appears to overcome the inadequacy of actuator line models to account for the flow blockage of the rotor blades when they are on the up-stream side of the revolution, because the ASM uses a surface instead of a line to represent the blade. The ASM was used on a series of test cases to prove its validity, demonstrating that first order flow statistics—in our study, profiles of the stream-wise velocity—in the turbine’s vicinity, can be produced with reasonable accuracy. The prediction of second order statistics, here in the form of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), exhibited dependence on the chosen grid; the finer the grid, the better the match between measured and computed TKE profiles

Friction factor decomposition for rough-wall flows : theoretical background and application to open-channel flows

Financial support was provided by the EPSRC/UK project ‘Bed friction in rough-bed free-surface flows: a theoretical framework, roughness regimes, and quantification’ (grants EP/K041088/1 and EP/K04116/1). I.M. acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council (grant FL120100017). The large-eddy simulations were carried out at Cardiff University’s high performance computer, which is part of the Supercomputing Wales project. Useful and stimulating discussions with M. Fletcher (Arup), P. Samuels (HR Wallingford), T. Schlicke (Scottish Environment Protection Agency) and J. Wicks (Jacobs) have been instrumental for this project and are gratefully acknowledged. The editor and three reviewers provided insightful comments and helpful suggestions that have been gratefully incorporated in the final version.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

On the vertical structure of non-buoyant plastics in turbulent transport

Plastic pollution is overflowing in rivers. A limited understanding of the physics of plastic transport in rivers hinders monitoring, the prediction of plastic fate and restricts the implementation of effective mitigation strategies. This study investigates two unexplored aspects of plastic transport dynamics across the near-surface, suspended and bed load layers: (i) the complex settling behaviour of plastics and (ii) their influence on plastic transport in river-like flows. Through hundreds of settling tests and thousands of 3D reconstructed plastic transport experiments, our findings show that plastics exhibit unique settling patterns and orientations, due to their geometric anisotropy, revealing a multimodal distribution of settling velocities. In the transport experiments, particle-bed interactions enhanced mixing beyond what established turbulent transport theories (Rouse profile) could predict in low-turbulence conditions, which extends the bed load layer beyond the classic definition of the bed load layer thickness for natural sediments. We propose a new vertical structure of turbulent transport equation that considers the stochastic nature of heterogeneous negatively buoyant plastics and their singularities

Propagation of a solitary wave over a finite submerged thin plate

For the purpose of this paper, the in-house large-eddy simulation code, Hydro3D, is refined to study wave structure interaction. First of all, the code is used to develop a numerical wave tank capable of simulating accurately the generation, progression and damping of solitary waves in a tank. Then, Hydro3d is employed to simulate a previous laboratory experiment of a wave propagating over an infinitely wide flat plate. The code’s accuracy is validated by comparing computed waterlevels and hydrodynamic forces on the plate with measured data for which good agreement is found for a number of conditions (i.e. varying wave steepness or plate submergence, respectively). Then the study is extended to investigate three-dimensional effects for which the infinitely wide plate is replaced by a finite square plate. It is found that the pressure difference between the lower and upper side of the plate drives a span-wise flow and creates unique flow structures and water-surface fluctuations near the plate due to the three-dimensionality of the problem. A further three-dimensional study is conducted for which the finite plate is fixed at an angle of attack in respect to the incident wave and variations in hydrodynamic forces and free-surface elevations are computed. Both vertical and horizontal forces are reduced when the plate is fixed at degrees and minor water-level fluctuations appear, reflecting the pattern of the rotational flow near the plate edges. Plots of the velocity vectors, swirl-strength, pressure and wave elevation and acting forces reveal significant differences between an infinitely wide and a finite square plate subjected to a solitary wave