Populations réfugiées : de l'exil au retour

Dans l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance, l'insurrection des Grecs contre l'occupation turque a suscité dans l'opinion un enthousiasme aux ressorts multiples et contrastés qui a mobilisé pour l'exprimer toutes les formes alors disponibles. Des comités ont regroupé un peu partout en Europe et en Amérique des personnalités de toutes tendances, pour oeuvrer à l'indépendance de la Grèce par une combinaison originale d'actions militaires et d'opérations philanthropiques qui ne s'est pas retrouvée depuis. (Résumé d'auteur

Displacement Commercial Risk (DCR) and the Level of Risk Sharing between Unrestricted Investment Account Holders (URIAHs) and Shareholders in an Islamic Bank

Islamic banks are exposed to a unique risk such as Displaced Commercial Risk (DCR). DCR arises when the Islamic banks forgo part or all its share of profits on the unrestricted investment account holders’ funds in order to increase the return to the unrestricted investment account holders. The level of risk sharing indicates the level of DCR absorbed by the shareholders of an Islamic bank for the bank pay to a competitive rate to the unrestricted investment account holders. Displacement commercial risk and level of risk sharing are two important concepts for Islamic bank and the regulatory authority. To demonstrate the concepts, this paper employs the Value at Risk (VaR) model to estimate the DCR and level of risk sharing in two Islamic banks in Bahrain. The results indicate that one of the banks experienced a DCR of between $15.342 million and$15.843 million with a risk sharing level of 97% while the second bank did not face DCR and has a risk sharing level of 0%. The paper concludes that since the capital adequacy ratios of Islamic banks are very sensitive to changes in DCR and level of risk sharing, setting a common risk sharing level for the industry is not a good idea as this will result in either overstating or understating the capital requirements of Islamic banks and this has some implications on resilience and stability of the banks as well as their competitiveness in the marketplace Keywords: Islamic bank, shareholders, displaced commercial risk, level of risk sharing, value at risk, unrestricted investment account holders DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/15-16-04 Publication date:September 30th 202

Progress and problems in literacy programmes in Central Nigeria

Central Nigeria is a region of great linguistic diversity where there were no pre-colonial orthographies in use. The expansion of population and modern education has created a strong demand for local literacy programmes for the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria. For people to be able to develop themselves intellectually, it is important that they have a system of writing that is truly their own. Initially, demand for literacy has been in relation to programmes for Bible translation, and this is largely where funding is sought. However, these programmes are frustratingly long-term and some have been quite ineffective due to poor (or no) initial planning and ill-designed orthographies. However, in the decade since 2010, demand is increasingly coming from non-denominational organisations whose concern is cultural maintenance, and thus the use of vernacular languages in education. This paper examines the progress achieved and problems faced by some of the Plateau languages in the area of literacy development with a more detailed case study of the Mada Literacy Programme, as well as offering some practical solutions to assist the spread of literacy

Did Islamic Equities Outperform Conventional Equities In the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Region During and After the Global Financial Crisis?

The study attempts to investigate whether the Islamic equitiesoutperform the conventional equities during and after the Global FinancialCrisis (GFC) in the GCC by employing some statistical techniques andRisk-adjusted Return Performance Variables. The study reveals that even thoughthe two types of equities are adversely affected by the global financialcrisis, the mean return of conventional equities is statistically significantlyhigher than that of Islamic equities during and after the crisis, but thedifferences in volatility and sensitivity between the two types of equities arenot statistically significant. When returns are adjusted for risk, the studyfurther reveals that during the financial crisis the Islamic equities performbetter than the conventional equities by minimizing losses; hence moreresilient while the conventional equities outperform the Islamic equities afterthe crisis by being more profitable and diversified.Keywords: Volatility, Sensitivity, GlobalFinancial Crisis, Risk-adjusted returns, Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, JensenAlpha, Information ratio, Islamic equity, conventional equity, GCC, Shari’a

An Extended Model of Sustainable Development from Sustainable Sourcing to Sustainable Reverse Logistics: A Supply Chain Perspective

Supply chain management is a holistic corporate strategy which involves decisions concerning sourcing, manufacturing, transporting, consumption, and reverse logistics. Although these processes influence competitive advantage, supply chain and organizational performance, they can however, cause sustainability issues if not management holistically. These supply chain processes also put serious burden on the environment with theatrical economic and social costs. The pressures manifest in form of depletion of the natural resources, endangered environment, negative societal norms, and unemployment. However, literature fail to capture the whole process of sustainable supply chain. A break down in one process will affect the performance of others and thus the whole sustainability issue. This study is a literature review where data was taken from previous literature. The finding of this study is an extension of the popular supply chain sustainability framework. It is shown that stakeholder pressure and the pillars of supply chain management such as sustainable practices include sustainable sourcing, sustainable design, sustainable production, sustainable packaging, sustainable transportation, sustainable consumption, and sustainable reverse logistics could be used to improve the theory of sustainable supply chain management. The study concludes with contributions to theory and practice

Performance analysis of telecommunications regulations in Nigeria: A quality of service approach

The revolution of wireless communications regulations in Nigeria signifies enhancement in ICT innovation, investment opportunities, fair competition and inclusive growth through, strategic collaboration and partnerships to protect and empower consumers. The demand for data in the 4G (Fourth Generation networks) and 5G (Fifth Generation networks) is becoming excessively high and the solution is being investigated to effectively utilize the available spectrum at the physical layer across different protocols to speed-up bandwidth access from 2.5 to 10 times to support new high-performance applications (e.g. e-health, high definition video streaming, network gaming, e-commerce, e-government etc.) To realize the above targets the operators need to provide some form of Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) assurance. The 8-Point Agenda of the EVC/CEO of Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) factored upon a tripod of Availability, Accessibility and Affordability of Service, the Nigerian Communications Act 2003, the National Telecommunications Policy, the Strategic Management Plan of the Commission, the National Digital Economy Policy and Strategy and other extant regulatory provisions are utilized to regulate telecommunications services and promote universal access in Nigeria. This paper reviewed the QoS Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) like The CSSR, DCR, SDCONG, and TCHCONG CSSR, MTTR, and Power Availability for 2G, 3G and 4G according to the International Telecommunications Union Standards (ITU-T) and NCC criteria. Literature review on QoS and congestion control analysis were conducted and the research gaps were identified for the development of effective regulations and operational excellence. Recommendations were made on the way forward to explore the optimization of electricity supply to base station using hybrid system, renewable and green energy to reduce operational cost and emissions

Logical Framework Analysis (LFA): An Essential Tool for Designing Agricultural Project Evaluation

Evaluation of a project at any stage of its life cycle, especially at its planning stage, is necessary for its successful execution and completion. The Logical Framework Analysis or the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) is an essential tool in designing such evaluation because it is a process that serves as a reference guide in carrying out the evaluation. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the process and the structure of the Logical Framework Matrix or Logframe, derivable from it, and its role in project evaluation. The paper is based mainly on review of relevant literature on this analytical tool. The literature search shows that the LFA enables the evaluator to thoroughly scrutinize and ensure that every key factor that is needed for the success of a project is clearly identified (as listed in the matrix cells – demonstrated in Figure 4) and thus must be provided for both in quantity and quality, and also at the appropriate time in implementing the project. It helps the evaluator to check for consistency of both vertical logic (project inputs → project outputs → project objectives or purpose → project goal) and horizontal logic (narrative summary → objectively verifiable indicators → means of verification) as well as the reasonableness of the underlying assumptions concerning the (proposed) project - all of which must be established for the success of the project to be ascertained.Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science (2011), 19(2): 260-26

Assessment of the Relationship between Design and Performance in Infectious Diseases Isolation Facility of Nigerian Hospitals

The high and continuous spread of infectious disease such as Corona virus (COVID-19) has affected public health globally. The preparedness of hospitals in the face of this situation is a problem in the Nigerian context, hospitals were faced with the problems of lack of viral containment spaces to isolate suspected cases and treat the infected patients. This research aims at assessing the relationship between design and performance in infectious disease isolation facility of Nigerian hospitals with a view to a framework for setting-up of infectious disease isolation facility in Nigerian hospitals. The research objectives are as follows: (1) To determine the relationship between design and performance of infectious diseases isolation centres in Nigerian hospitals, (2) To determine the perception of medical practitioners in the performance of infectious diseases isolation centre of Nigerian hospitals and (3) To develop a framework or a model for the setting-up of IDIC in Nigerian hospitals. The above objectives were achieved through the employment of quantitative research design approach. This method uses survey questionnaires, about 35 were distributed for the whole sample population, reliability test was conducted, the hypothesis was tested and found significant at P < 0.05 confidence interval. A correlation analysis was conducted. Simple statistical analysis was conducted to determine the mean and frequencies of the analysed data The result of quantitative analysis were presented in frequency tables and pie charts from SPSS v21 analysis output. The result shows that there is a positive relationship between design and performance i.e. the more accurate and satisfying the design is, the higher the result or outcome and performance from the end-users

Contribution of Youths towards Rural Development Through Community Development Activities in Tsafe LGA Zamfara State Nigeria

The study examined the contribution of youth towards rural development through community development activities in Tsafe local government, Zamfara state. Ninety (90) youths were randomly selected from the three (3) purposively selected villages in the study area. Results revealed that majority of the respondents were male (90%), within the active age of 21-30 (63.3%), married (82.2%), engaged in farming (71.1%) and obtained Qur'anic education (66.6%). Multiple number of various community development activities were found to be engaged in by the youth with majority involved in rehabilitation (24.6%) and minority in construction of culvert (15.6%). It was concluded that youths in the study area are engaged in worthwhile rural community development activities that aimed at improving their living standard. Thus, it was recommended that efforts of the youths be celebrated to avoid their mask by modern external interventions that mostly begin with what is needed by the rural people instead of their felt needs, and encourage further involvement in self-help initiatives through awareness campaigns. Keywords: Youths, Rural development, Community developmen