Nanotechnology in the Development of Novel Functional Foods or their Package. An Overview Based in Patent Analysis

[EN] In recent years nanotechnology has become a significant component in food industry. It is present in all food chain steps, from the design of new ingredients or additives, to the most modern systems of food quality methods or packaging, demonstrating the great potential of this new technology in a sector as traditional as food. However, while interest by industry in nanotechnology increases, the rejection by consumers, concerned about the potential risk, does too. The aim of this review is to evaluate the development of food nanotechnology by means of a patent analysis, highlighting current applications of nanotechnology along the whole food chain and contextualizing this evolution in the social scene.Financial support from the Spanish Government (project MAT2009-14564-C04-01 and AGL2010-20539) and the Generalitat Valencia (project PROMETEO/2009/016) are gratefully acknowledged. E.P. thanks the Ministerio de Educación for a fellowshipPérez-Esteve, É.; Bernardos Bau, A.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Barat Baviera, JM. (2013). Nanotechnology in the Development of Novel Functional Foods or their Package. An Overview Based in Patent Analysis. Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition and Agriculture. 5(1):35-43. https://doi.org/10.2174/2212798411305010006S35435

Mesoporous Silica-Based Supports for the Controlled and Targeted Release of Bioactive Molecules in the Gastrointestinal Tract

JFS Special Issue: 75 Years of Advancing Food Science, and Preparing for the Next 75Mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) have attracted increasing interest as supports in the design of controlled delivery materials. Besides their excellent properties as loading supports (that is, large surface area and pore volume), the modification of their external surface with molecular/supramolecular ensembles allows the design of gated MSPs. Delivery systems based on gated MSPs show zero delivery until an adequate stimulus is present and triggers gate opening and the cargo is released. Encapsulation of bioactive molecules in gated MSPs may improve biological stability, facilitate component handling, mask unpleasant sensorial properties, and modulate the bioaccessibility of target molecules along the gastrointestinal tract. These properties make gated MSPs excellent candidates for encapsulating bioactive molecules and their subsequent utilization in the formulation of functional foods. This text highlights the most significant endogenous triggering stimuli that might be applied to design these site-specific delivery systems, as well as the strategies to develop them. Given the novelty of using MSPs in the food sector, the benefits and current potential limitations of employing MSPs in human food have been identified and discussed.Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Projects AGL2012-39597-C02-01, AGL2012-39597-C02-02, and MAT2012-38429-C04-01) and the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROME-TEO/2009/016). E.P. and M.R. are grateful to the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for their grants (AP2008-00620, AP2010-4369).Pérez-Esteve, É.; Ruiz Rico, M.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Barat Baviera, JM. (2015). Mesoporous Silica-Based Supports for the Controlled and Targeted Release of Bioactive Molecules in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Journal of Food Science. 80(11):E2504-E2516. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13095SE2504E2516801

Nutritional effects of folic acid controlled release from mesoporous materials

[EN] Folic acid deficiency causes serious disorders in humans and supplementation has numerous health benefits. However, there is initial evidence that suggest a negative impact of an increased exposure to folic with respect to certain developmental and degenerative disorders. In this line, controlled release of folic acid by using mesoporous silica materials, MCM-41, has been studied as an alternative to direct supplementation. For this purpose, various mesoporous solids MCM-41 loaded with folic acid (S1) and functionalized with 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl-trimethoxysilane (S2) acting as "gate" have been tested. The results show that at pH 2 a strongly hindered vitamin release is observed, whereas at pH 7.5 a controlled delivery is found. Based on the obtained results of this study, folic acid controlled release could be feasible during a period of 5h using a sensitive to pH gate, and this might reduce traditional fortification negative effects, while nutritional benefits are maintainedBarat Baviera, JM.; Pérez-Esteve, É.; Bernardos Bau, A.; Martínez-Máñez, R. (2011). Nutritional effects of folic acid controlled release from mesoporous materials. Procedia Food Science. 1:1828-1832. doi:10.1016/j.profoo.2011.09.268S18281832

Toxicological assessment of mesoporous silica particles in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

[EN] Here we report the toxicological evaluation of mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) in the nematode C. elegans. Specifically, we have investigated the effect of bare micro- (M0) and nano-sized (N0) MSPs, and their corresponding functionalized particles with a starch derivative (Glu-N) (M1 and N1, respectively) on C. elegans ageing parameters. The toxicity of MSPs, their impact on C. elegans lifespan, movement capacity, progeny and ability to survive upon exposure to acute oxidative stress were assessed. This study demonstrated that both size particles assayed (M0 and N0), labeled with rhodamine and monitored through fluorescence microscopy, are ingested by the nematode. Moreover, toxicity assays indicated that bare nano-sized particles (N0) have a negative impact on the C. elegans lifespan, reducing mobility and progeny production. By contrast, micro-sized particles (M0) proved innocuous for the nematodes. Furthermore, functionalization of nanoparticles with starch derivative reduced their toxicity in C. elegans. Thus, oral intake of N1 comparatively increased the mean lifespan and activity rates as well as resistance to oxidative stress. The overall findings presented here demonstrate the influence of MSP size and surface on their potential toxicity in vivo and indicate the silica-based mesoporous particles to be a potential support for encapsulation in oral delivery applications. Furthermore, the good correlation obtained between healthy aging variables and viability (mean lifespan) validates the use of C. elegans as a multicellular organism for nanotoxicology studies of MSPs.The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Spanish Government (MINECO Projects AGL2012-39597-C02-01, AGL2012-39597-C02-02, AGL2015-70235-C2-1, MAT2012-38429-C04-01 and MAT2015-64139-C4-1), the Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEOII/2014/047) and Colombian Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Research which supported Ms. Acosta Scholarship. We would also like to thank the Institut de Ciencia dels Materials (ICMUV), the Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and the microscopy service of IATA for technical support. We thank Roquette for the Glucidex samples.Acosta-Romero, C.; Barat Baviera, JM.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Sancenón Galarza, F.; Llopis Llopis, S.; Gonzalez, N.; Genovés, S.... (2018). Toxicological assessment of mesoporous silica particles in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environmental Research. 166:61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.018S617016

Biological Nutrient Removal Model Nº 2 (BNRM2): A general model for Wastewater Treatment Plants

This paper presents the plant-wide model Biological Nutrient Removal Model No. 2 (BNRM2). Since nitrite was not considered in the BNRM1, and this previous model also failed to accurately simulate the anaerobic digestion because precipitation processes were not considered, an extension of BNRM1 has been developed. This extension comprises all the components and processes required to simulate nitrogen removal via nitrite and the formation of the solids most likely to precipitate in anaerobic digesters. The solids considered in BNRM2 are: struvite, amorphous calcium phosphate, hidroxyapatite, newberite, vivianite, strengite, variscite, and calcium carbonate. With regard to nitrogen removal via nitrite, apart from nitrite oxidizing bacteria two groups of ammonium oxidizing organisms (AOO) have been considered since different sets of kinetic parameters have been reported for the AOO present in activated sludge systems and SHARON (Single reactor system for High activity Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite) reactors. Due to the new processes considered, BNRM2 allows an accurate prediction of wastewater treatment plant performance in wider environmental and operating conditions.This research work has been supported by the Spanish Research Foundation (CICYT Projects, PPQ2002-04043-C02, CTM2005-06919-C03-/TECNO) and Entidad Publica de Saneamiento de Aguas Residuales de la Comunidad Valenciana, which are gratefully acknowledged. This paper was presented at WWTmod2012 and the fruitful discussions are kindly acknowledged.Barat Baviera, R.; Serralta Sevilla, J.; Ruano García, MV.; Jiménez Douglas, E.; Ribes Bertomeu, J.; Seco Torrecillas, A.; Ferrer, J. (2013). Biological Nutrient Removal Model Nº 2 (BNRM2): A general model for Wastewater Treatment Plants. Water Science and Technology. 67(7):1481-1489. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.004S1481148967

Protection of folic acid through encapsulation in mesoporous silica particles included in fruit juices

[EN] Folic acid (FA) is a synthetic vitamin commonly used for food fortification. However, its vulnerability to processing and storage implies loss of efficiency, which would induce over-fortification by processors to obtain a minimum dose upon consumption. Recent studies have indicated potential adverse effects of FA overdoses, and FA protection during processing and storage could lead to more accurate fortification. In addition, sustained vitamin release after consumption would help improve its metabolism. The objective of this work was to study controlled FA delivery and stability in fruit juices to reduce potential over-fortification risks by using gated mesoporous silica particles (MSPs). The obtained results indicated that FA encapsulation in MSPs significantly improved its stability and contributed to controlled release after consumption by modifying vitamin bioaccessibility. These results confirmed the suitability of MSPs as support for controlled release and protection of bioactive molecules in food matrices in different food production and storage stages.Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and FEDER-EU (Projects AGL2012-39597-C02-01, AGL2015-70235-C2-1-R, AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R and MAT2015-64139-C4-1-R (MINECO/FEDER)) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEOII/2014/047). M.R.R. is grateful to the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for her grant (AP2010-4369). The authors also thank the Electron Microscopy Service at the UPV for support.Ruiz Rico, M.; Pérez-Esteve, É.; Lerma-García, MJ.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Barat Baviera, JM. (2017). Protection of folic acid through encapsulation in mesoporous silica particles included in fruit juices. Food Chemistry. 218:471-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.097S47147821

New Oleic Acid-Capped Mesoporous Silica Particles as Surfactant-Responsive Delivery Systems

[EN] A new delivery microdevice, based on hydrophobic oleic acid¿capped mesoporous silica particles and able to payload release in the presence of surfactants, has been developed. The oleic acid functionalization confers to the system a high hydrophobic character, which avoids cargo release unless surfactant molecules are present. The performance of this oleic¿acid capped microdevice in the presence of different surfactants is presented and its zero¿release operation in the absence of surfactants is demonstrated.The authors want to thank the Spanish Government (projects MAT2015-64139-C4-1-R, AGL2015-70235-C2-1-R and AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R (MINECO/FEDER)) and RTI2018-100910-B-C41, RTI2018-101599-B-C22 and RTI2018-101599-B-C21 (MCUI/AEI/FEDER, UE)) and Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO/2018/024) for support. E.P.-R. thanks the Generalitat Valenciana for her predoctoral fellowship. A.B. wants to acknowledge the Spanish Government for the financial support Juan de la Cierva Incorporación IJCI-2014-21534. The authors also thank the Electron Microscopy Service at the UPV for support.Poyatos-Racionero, E.; Pérez-Esteve, É.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Barat Baviera, JM.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Aznar, E.; Bernardos Bau, A. (2019). New Oleic Acid-Capped Mesoporous Silica Particles as Surfactant-Responsive Delivery Systems. ChemistryOpen. 8(8):1052-1056. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201900092S1052105688HARRISON, K. (2007). Introduction to polymeric drug delivery systems. Biomedical Polymers, 33-56. doi:10.1533/9781845693640.33Bourganis, V., Karamanidou, T., Kammona, O., & Kiparissides, C. (2017). Polyelectrolyte complexes as prospective carriers for the oral delivery of protein therapeutics. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 111, 44-60. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.005El-Safty, S. A., Shenashen, M. A., & Ismail, A. A. (2012). A multi-pH-dependent, single optical mesosensor/captor design for toxic metals. Chemical Communications, 48(77), 9652. doi:10.1039/c2cc34788aEl-Safty, S. A., Shenashen, M. A., Ismael, M., & Khairy, M. (2012). Mesocylindrical Aluminosilica Monolith Biocaptors for Size-Selective Macromolecule Cargos. Advanced Functional Materials, 22(14), 3013-3021. doi:10.1002/adfm.201200393Shenashen, M. A., Shahat, A., & El-Safty, S. A. (2013). Ultra-trace recognition and removal of toxic chromium (VI) ions from water using visual mesocaptor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 244-245, 726-735. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.006El-Safty, S. A., Shenashen, M. A., Ismael, M., & Khairy, M. (2012). Encapsulation of proteins into tunable and giant mesocage alumina. Chemical Communications, 48(53), 6708. doi:10.1039/c2cc30725aEl-Safty, S. A., Shenashen, M. A., & Shahat, A. (2013). Tailor-Made Micro-Object Optical Sensor Based on Mesoporous Pellets for Visual Monitoring and Removal of Toxic Metal Ions from Aqueous Media. Small, 9(13), 2288-2296. doi:10.1002/smll.201202407El-Safty, S. A., & Shenashen, M. A. (2013). Optical mesosensor for capturing of Fe(III) and Hg(II) ions from water and physiological fluids. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 183, 58-70. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.03.041El-Sewify, I. M., Shenashen, M. A., Shahat, A., Yamaguchi, H., Selim, M. M., Khalil, M. M. H., & El-Safty, S. A. (2018). Dual colorimetric and fluorometric monitoring of Bi3+ ions in water using supermicroporous Zr-MOFs chemosensors. Journal of Luminescence, 198, 438-448. doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.02.028Emran, M. Y., El-Safty, S. A., Shenashen, M. A., & Minowa, T. (2019). A well-thought-out sensory protocol for screening of oxygen reactive species released from cancer cells. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 284, 456-467. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2018.12.142Kickelbick, G. (2004). Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Mesoporous Materials. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 43(24), 3102-3104. doi:10.1002/anie.200301751Kickelbick, G. (2004). Mesoporöse anorganisch-organische Hybridmaterialien. Angewandte Chemie, 116(24), 3164-3166. doi:10.1002/ange.200301751Aznar, E., Oroval, M., Pascual, L., Murguía, J. R., Martínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2016). Gated Materials for On-Command Release of Guest Molecules. Chemical Reviews, 116(2), 561-718. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00456Candel, I., Aznar, E., Mondragón, L., Torre, C. de la, Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., … Parra, M. (2012). Amidase-responsive controlled release of antitumoral drug into intracellular media using gluconamide-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Nanoscale, 4(22), 7237. doi:10.1039/c2nr32062bDíez, P., Sánchez, A., Gamella, M., Martínez-Ruíz, P., Aznar, E., de la Torre, C., … Pingarrón, J. M. (2014). Toward the Design of Smart Delivery Systems Controlled by Integrated Enzyme-Based Biocomputing Ensembles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 136(25), 9116-9123. doi:10.1021/ja503578bDe la Torre, C., Agostini, A., Mondragón, L., Orzáez, M., Sancenón, F., Martínez-Máñez, R., … Pérez-Payá, E. (2014). Temperature-controlled release by changes in the secondary structure of peptides anchored onto mesoporous silica supports. Chem. Commun., 50(24), 3184-3186. doi:10.1039/c3cc49421gPérez-Esteve, É., Fuentes, A., Coll, C., Acosta, C., Bernardos, A., Amorós, P., … Barat, J. M. (2015). Modulation of folic acid bioaccessibility by encapsulation in pH-responsive gated mesoporous silica particles. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 202, 124-132. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.09.049González-Alvarez, M., Coll, C., Gonzalez-Alvarez, I., Giménez, C., Aznar, E., Martínez-Bisbal, M. C., … Sancenón, F. (2017). Gated Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers for a «Two-Step» Targeted System to Colonic Tissue. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 14(12), 4442-4453. doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00565SHIMIZU, M. (2010). Interaction between Food Substances and the Intestinal Epithelium. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 74(2), 232-241. doi:10.1271/bbb.90730Bernardos, A., Aznar, E., Coll, C., Martínez-Mañez, R., Barat, J. M., Marcos, M. D., … Soto, J. (2008). Controlled release of vitamin B2 using mesoporous materials functionalized with amine-bearing gate-like scaffoldings. Journal of Controlled Release, 131(3), 181-189. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.037Bernardos, A., Aznar, E., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., … Amorós, P. (2009). Enzyme-Responsive Controlled Release Using Mesoporous Silica Supports Capped with Lactose. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(32), 5884-5887. doi:10.1002/anie.200900880Bernardos, A., Aznar, E., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., … Amorós, P. (2009). Enzyme-Responsive Controlled Release Using Mesoporous Silica Supports Capped with Lactose. Angewandte Chemie, 121(32), 5998-6001. doi:10.1002/ange.200900880Han, N., Wang, Y., Bai, J., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., … Wang, S. (2016). Facile synthesis of the lipid bilayer coated mesoporous silica nanocomposites and their application in drug delivery. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 219, 209-218. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.08.006Zhang, J., Desai, D., & Rosenholm, J. M. (2013). Tethered Lipid Bilayer Gates: Toward Extended Retention of Hydrophilic Cargo in Porous Nanocarriers. Advanced Functional Materials, 24(16), 2352-2360. doi:10.1002/adfm.201302995Van Schooneveld, M. M., Vucic, E., Koole, R., Zhou, Y., Stocks, J., Cormode, D. P., … Mulder, W. J. M. (2008). Improved Biocompatibility and Pharmacokinetics of Silica Nanoparticles by Means of a Lipid Coating: A Multimodality Investigation. Nano Letters, 8(8), 2517-2525. doi:10.1021/nl801596aSee Supporting information for details.Said, H. M. (2011). Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease. Biochemical Journal, 437(3), 357-372. doi:10.1042/bj20110326Thakur, K., Tomar, S. K., Singh, A. K., Mandal, S., & Arora, S. (2017). Riboflavin and health: A review of recent human research. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(17), 3650-3660. doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1145104LANE, M., & ALFREY, C. P. (1965). The Anemia of Human Riboflavin Deficiency. Blood, 25(4), 432-442. doi:10.1182/blood.v25.4.432.432Bosch, A. M., Abeling, N. G. G. M., IJlst, L., Knoester, H., van der Pol, W. L., Stroomer, A. E. M., … Waterham, H. R. (2010). Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere and Fazio Londe syndrome is associated with a riboflavin transporter defect mimicking mild MADD: a new inborn error of metabolism with potential treatment. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 34(1), 159-164. doi:10.1007/s10545-010-9242-zSaid, H. M., Ortiz, A., Moyer, M. P., & Yanagawa, N. (2000). Riboflavin uptake by human-derived colonic epithelial NCM460 cells. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 278(2), C270-C276. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.2.c270Nakano, E., Mushtaq, S., Heath, P. R., Lee, E.-S., Bury, J. P., Riley, S. A., … Corfe, B. M. (2010). Riboflavin Depletion Impairs Cell Proliferation in Adult Human Duodenum: Identification of Potential Effectors. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 56(4), 1007-1019. doi:10.1007/s10620-010-1374-3Li, S.-S., Xu, Y.-W., Wu, J.-Y., Tan, H.-Z., Wu, Z.-Y., Xue, Y.-J., … Xu, L.-Y. (2016). Plasma Riboflavin Level is Associated with Risk, Relapse, and Survival of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Nutrition and Cancer, 69(1), 21-28. doi:10.1080/01635581.2017.124789

Eugenol and thymol immobilised on mesoporous silica-based material as an innovative antifungal system: Application in strawberry jam

[EN] Essential oils and their main compounds have been studied in-depth for their antifungal properties against a wide variety of microorganisms. However, the strong odour emitted by them, even at low concentrations, makes their incorporation into food matrices difficult. Immobilisation of antimicrobial compounds on solid surfaces could be a strategy to reduce their odour impact. The antifungal effectiveness of eugenol and thymol bioactive agents, free and immobilised on mesoporous silica microparticles (MCM-41 family), and their impact on the final aroma and fungal decay of strawberry jam, were evaluated herein. Free eugenol and thymol exhibited good antifungal properties against the fungi strains tested, and thymol proved more effective. The antifungal activity of immobilised eugenol and thymol displayed greater antifungal activity for immobilised eugenol. The jams prepared with immobilised eugenol on MCM-41 microparticles exhibited no mould and yeast development during the studied storage time. The sensory evaluation confirmed that eugenol and thymol immobilisation reduced their typical strong impact on strawberry jam flavour. This work demonstrates the promising use of immobilised eugenol on mesoporous silica microparticles to control strawberry jam decay. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from MINECO-Spanish Government and FEDER-EU (Projects AGL2012-39597-C02-01, AGL2015-70235-C2-1-R and MAT2015-64139-C4-1) and the Generalitat Valencia (Project PROMETEOII/2014/047). Furthermore, author Susana Ribes is grateful to the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) for her FPI grant.Ribes-Llop, S.; Pérez-Esteve, É.; Ruiz Rico, M.; Fuentes López, A.; Talens Oliag, P.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Barat Baviera, JM. (2017). Eugenol and thymol immobilised on mesoporous silica-based material as an innovative antifungal system: Application in strawberry jam. Food Control. 81:181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.006S1811888

Incorporation of Mesoporous Silica Particles in Gelatine Gels: Effect of Particle Type and Surface Modification on Physical Properties

The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) on the physicochemical properties of filled protein gels. We have studied the effect of the addition of different mesoporous silica particles, either bare or functionalized with amines or carboxylates, on the physical properties of gelatine gels (5% w/v). Textural properties of the filled gels were investigated by uniaxial compression, while optical properties were investigated by turbidity. The MSPs were characterized with the objective of correlating particle features with their impact on the corresponding filled-gel properties. The addition of MSPs (both with and without functionalization) increased the stiffness of the gelatine gels. Furthermore, functionalized MSPs showed a remarkable increase in the strength of the gels and a slight reduction in the brittleness of the gels, in contrast with nonfunctionalized MSPs which showed no effect on these two properties. The turbidity of the gels was also affected by the addition of all tested MSPs, showing that the particles that formed smaller aggregates resulted in a higher contribution to turbidity. MSPs are promising candidates for the development of functional food containing smart delivery systems, also being able to modulate the functionality of protein gels.We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (projects AGL2012-39597-C02-01, AGL2012-39597-C02-02, and MAT2012-38429-C04-01) and the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO/2009/016). E.P.-E. is grateful to the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for his grant (AP2008-00620). Saskia de Jong (NIZO food research) is acknowledged for assistance during CLSM observations and rheology interpretation.Pérez-Esteve, É.; Oliver Hernández, L.; García López, L.; Nieuwland, M.; De Jongh, HHJ.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Barat Baviera, JM. (2014). Incorporation of Mesoporous Silica Particles in Gelatine Gels: Effect of Particle Type and Surface Modification on Physical Properties. Langmuir. 30(23):6970-6979. https://doi.org/10.1021/la501206fS69706979302

Enhanced antimicrobial activity of essential oil components immobilized on silica particles

[EN] The antimicrobial activity of essential oils components (EOCs) is well-known. However, their high volatility and powerful aroma limit their application in the formulation of a wide range of food products. In this context, the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, eugenol, thymol and vanillin grafted onto the surface of three silica supports with different morphologies, textural properties and chemical reactivities (fumed silica, amorphous silica and MCM-41) was evaluated herein. Materials characterization revealed a good immobilization yield and all the devices showed a micro-scale particle size. Sensory evaluation revealed that sensory perception of EOCs decreases after covalent immobilization. Moreover, immobilization greatly enhanced the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil components against Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli compared to free components. The incorporation of EOCs immobilized on silica particles into pasteurized milk inoculated with L. innocua demonstrated their effectiveness not only for in vitro conditions, but also in a real food system.Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad and FEDER funds (Projects AGL2015-70235-C2-1-R, AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R and MAT2015-64139-C4-1-R (MINECO/FEDER)) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEOII/2014/047). M.R.R. is grateful to the Ministerio de Education, Cultura y Deporte for her grant (AP2010-4369). The authors also thank the Electron Microscopy Service at the UPV for support.Ruiz Rico, M.; Pérez-Esteve, É.; Bernardos Bau, A.; Sancenón Galarza, F.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Barat Baviera, JM. (2017). Enhanced antimicrobial activity of essential oil components immobilized on silica particles. Food Chemistry. 233:228-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.118S22823623