Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Susam Üretiminde Enerji Kullanım Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi

In this research it was aimed to determine an energy use efficiency of sesame production in Şanlıurfa province, during the production season of 2015. In order to determine the energy use efficiency of sesame production, trials and measurement were performed in sesame farm in the Bozova district of Şanlıurfa province. As energy inputs, human labour energy, machinery energy, chemical fertilizers energy, irrigation water energy, chemicals energy, diesel fuel energy and seed energy as were calculated. As output energy, sesame grain was calculated. The energy input and output were calculated as 9627.21 MJ ha-1 and as 14625 MJ ha-1 in sesame production. Energy inputs consist of chemical fertilizers energy by 5511.30 MJ ha-1 (57.25%), diesel fuel energy by 2083.47 MJ ha-1 (21.64%), machinery energy by 1289.52 MJ ha-1 (13.39%), human labour energy by 487.84 MJ ha-1 (5.07%), irrigation water energy by 136.08 MJ ha-1 (1.41%), seed energy by 68.40 MJ ha-1 (0.71%) and chemicals energy by 50.60 MJ ha-1 (0.53%), respectively. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy in sesame production were calculated as 1.52, 19.98 MJ kg-1 , 0.06 kg MJ-1 and 4997.79 MJ ha-1 , respectively.Bu araştırmada, Şanlıurfa ilinde 2015 yılı üretim sezonunda susam üretiminde enerji kullanım etkinliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Susam üretiminin enerji kullanım etkinliğini belirlemek için denemeler ve ölçümler Şanlıurfa ilinin Bozova ilçesindeki susam işletmesinde yapılmıştır. Enerji girdileri olarak insan işgücü enerjisi, makine enerjisi, kimyasal gübre enerjisi, sulama suyu enerjisi, kimyasal enerji, dizel yakıt enerjisi ve tohum enerjisi hesaplanmıştır. Çıktı enerjisi olarak ise susam ürünü hesaplanmıştır. Susam üretiminde toplam enerji girdisi 9627.21 MJ ha-1 ve toplam enerji çıktısı 14625 MJ ha-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Enerji girdileri sırasıyla kimyasal gübre enerjisi 5511.30 MJ ha-1 (%57.25), dizel yakıt enerjisi 2083.47 MJ ha-1 (%21.64), makine enerjisi 1289.52 MJ ha-1 (%13.39), insan işgücü enerjisi 487.84 MJ ha-1 (%5.07), sulama suyu enerjisi 136.08 MJ ha-1 (%1.41), tohum enerjisi 68.40 MJ ha-1 (%0.71) ve kimyasal ilaç enerjisi 50.60 MJ ha-1 (%0.53)’dır. Susam üretiminde enerji kullanım etkinliği, spesifik enerji, enerji verimliliği ve net enerji hesaplamaları sırasıyla 1.52, 19.98 MJ kg-1 , 0.06 kg MJ-1 ve 4997.79 MJ ha-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır

Determination of Energy Usage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Lavender Production

The purpose of this study is to reveal the energy usage and greenhouse gas emission in lavender production. The study has been conducted in 2022 in Center district of Kırklareli province in Turkey and covers the 2021-2022 production seasons. Agricultural inputs and outputs were calculated to calculate the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in lavender production. According to the research results, the inputs are 5883.39 MJ ha-1 (59.30%) farmyard manure energy, 2425.51 MJ ha-1 (24.45%) diesel fuel energy, 732.02 MJ ha-1 (7.38%) chemical fertilizers energy, 421.89 MJ ha-1 (4.25%) machinery energy, 276.70 MJ ha-1 (2.79%) human labour energy, 97.31 MJ ha-1 (0.98%) transportation energy and 84.81 MJ ha-1 (0.85%), vermicompost energy, respectively. Total input and output energy were calculated as 9921.63 MJ ha-1 and 12859.77 MJ ha-1, respectively. Energy use efficiency (EUE), specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP) and net energy (NE) were calculated as 1.30, 2.86 MJ kg-1, 0.35 kg MJ-1 and 2938.13 MJ ha-1, respectively. The total energy input can be classified as 27.24% direct, 72.76% indirect, 62.94% renewable and 37.06% non-renewable. GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.08 kg CO2-eqkg-1 in lavender production

DETERMINATION OF ENERGY USE EFFICIENCY OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS INTENDATA) PRODUCTION IN TURKEY

The aim of this research is to determine an energy use efficiency of maize production during the production season of 2015 in Bingol province of Turkey. The data collected has been analyzed for the energy of maize production. The energy input in maize production have been calculated as 28504.54 MJ ha(-1). The energy output in maize production have been calculated as 120640.28 MJ ha(-1). Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy values related to maize production have been determined as 4.23, 4.80 MJ kg(-1), 0.21 kg MJ(-1) and 92135.74 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The consumed total energy input in maize production could be classified as 49.99% direct, 50.01 indirect, 34.16% renewable and 65.84% non-renewable. As evaluated results, maize production is a profitable production in terms of energy usage

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated Diospyros kaki L. (Persimmon): determination of chemical composition and evaluation of their antimicrobials and anticancer activities

The eco-friendly synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) using biological materials is an encouraging and innovativeness approach to nanotechnology. Among other synthesizing methods, biological methods are chosen because of their high efficiency and purity in many aspects. In this work, using the aqueous extract obtained from the green leaves of the D. kaki L. (DK); silver nanoparticles were synthesized in a short time and simply with an eco-friendly approach. The properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized using various techniques and measurements. In the characterization data of AgNPs, Maximum absorbance at 453.34 nm wavelengths, the average size distribution of 27.12 nm, the surface charge of -22.4mV, and spherical appearancewere observed. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was used to assess the compound composition of D. kaki leaf extract. The chemical profiling of the crude extract of D. kaki leaves revealed the presence of a variety of phytochemicals, predominantly phenolics, resulting in the identification of five major high-feature compounds: two major phenolic acids (Chlorogenic acid and Cynarin), and tree flavonol glucosides (hyperoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, and quercetin-3- D-xyloside). The components with the highest concentrations were cynarin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3- D-xyloside, hyperoside, and quercetin-3-glucoside, respectively. Antimicrobial results were determined by a MIC assay. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the human and food pathogen Gram (+ and -) bacteria and good antifungal activity against pathogenic yeast. It was determined that 0.03-0.050 mu g/mL concentrations ranges of DK-AgNPs were growth suppressive concentrations on all pathogen microorganisms. The MTT technique was used to study the cytotoxic effects of produced AgNPs on cancer cell lines (Glioblastoma (U118), Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), HumanOvarian Sarcoma (Skov-3) cancer cell lines, and Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) healthy cell line). It has been observed that they have a suppressive effect on the proliferation of cancerous cell lines. After 48 h of treatment with Ag-NPs, the DK-AgNPs were found to be extremely cytotoxic to the CaCo-2 cell line, inhibiting cell viability by up to 59.49% at a concentration of 50 gmL(-1). It was found that the viability was inversely related to the DK-AgNP concentration. The biosynthesized AgNPs had dosedependent anticancer efficacy. Because of the high concentration of bioactive chemicals in Diospyros kaki, it may be employed as a biological resource in medicinal applications. DK-AgNPs were shown to be an effective antibacterial agent as well as a prospective anticancer agent. The results provide a potential approach for the biogenic production of DK-AgNPs utilizing D. kaki aqueous leaf extract.This work was supported by the Bashkir State Medical University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (PRIORITY-2030).Bashkir State Medical University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (PRIORITY-2030

Greenhouse gas emission and energy analysis of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) cultivation

Background: Agricultural production accounts for a major share of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). However, the information on energy use and GHG emissions from various crops is contradictory. Climate change is expected to increase the GHG emission from different crops; therefore, selection of the crops with lower GHG emission could be helpful in reducing the emission and energy consumption. A major focus of energy policy should be on improving energy efficiency. Saving money and lowering GHG emissions are only two benefits of using energy efficiently. However, these are unknown for the vetch cultivation in Siirt province of Turkey. Methods: This study investigated energy consumption efficiency and GHG emissions of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) production under dry circumstances in Siirt province, Turkey during 2021. Seed rate was kept 120 kg/ha in the current study. The amount of fertilizer applied was 92.0 kg/ha pure phosphorus and 36.0 kg/ha pure nitrogen. To calculate the energy efficiency of vetch production in Siirt, energy inputs and energy outputs were computed. Results: The energy intake and output were 8205.02 MJ/ha and 90388.56 MJ/ha, respectively. The energy inputs were: 37.1 % diesel fuel energy, 31.2 % fertilizer energy, 21.2 % seed energy, 9.6 % equipment energy, and 0.9 % labor energy. The results revealed that energy consumption efficiency was 11.02, specific energy was 0.34 MJ/kg, energy efficiency was 2.90 kg/MJ, and net energy was 82183.54 MJ/ha in vetch production. Total GHG emissions from vetch production was 205.19 kgCO2-eq ha−1, with diesel fuel accounting for the lion's share (72.88 %). Diesel fuel was followed by the consumption of nitrogen fertilizer (26.33 %), phosphorous (0.47 %) and machinery (0.42 %). Additionally, GHG ratio was 0.009 kg CO2-eq kg−1 in vetch production. Conclusion: It is concluded that encouraging the farmers to produce vetch as an alternative to the production of conventional forage crops and rotation in fodder production will be beneficial. It will reduce GHG emissions with lesser energy consumption