Platelet Redox Imbalance in Hypercholesterolemia: A Big Problem for a Small Cell

The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis and their scavenging by anti-oxidant defences is the common soil of many disorders, including hypercholesterolemia. Platelets, the smallest blood cells, are deeply involved in the pathophysiology of occlusive arterial thrombi associated with myocardial infarction and stroke. A great deal of evidence shows that both increased intraplatelet ROS synthesis and impaired ROS neutralization are implicated in the thrombotic process. Hypercholesterolemia is recognized as cause of atherosclerosis, cerebro- and cardiovascular disease, and, closely related to this, is the widespread acceptance that it strongly contributes to platelet hyperreactivity via direct oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-platelet membrane interaction via scavenger receptors such as CD36 and signaling pathways including Src family kinases (SFK), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. In turn, activated platelets contribute to oxLDL generation, which ends up propagating platelet activation and thrombus formation through a mechanism mediated by oxidative stress. When evaluating the effect of lipid-lowering therapies on thrombogenesis, a large body of evidence shows that the effects of statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors are not limited to the reduction of LDL-C but also to the down-regulation of platelet reactivity mainly by mechanisms sensitive to intracellular redox balance. In this review, we will focus on the role of oxidative stress-related mechanisms as a cause of platelet hyperreactivity and the pathophysiological link of the pleiotropism of lipid-lowering agents to the beneficial effects on platelet function

Una visión de la obra y el herbario de Rouy a través del género Carex L.

Se analiza la obra de Georges Rouy, célebre botánico francés, mediante el estudio de sus materiales así como del tratamiento del género Carex (Cyperaceae) en la Flore de France. Se valora favorablemente el conocimiento que el autor demuestra sobre este género, puesto de manifi esto al incluir subgéneros en la clasifi cación taxonómica. Asimismo la sinonimia que propone para cada nombre y las descripciones de los taxones son muy completas. Al contrario, se valora negativamente la excesiva fragmentación que estableció, pues incluyó demasiadas secciones y subsecciones. Finalmente, su rechazo a utilizar las normas nomenclaturales establecidas por el Código de Nomenclatura Botánica conduce a la confusión e impide que la mayoría de sus nombres sean válidos.The George Rouy’s work, a famous French botanist, is studied by means of his material and literature of the genus Carex (Cyperaceae). We assess positively the knowledge that he demonstrated of this genus; because of the subgenera differentiated in his treatment, besides the complete synonymy presented for each name and the taxa descriptions. But he splitted excessively the infrageneric classifi cation including too many sections and subsections. Finally, most of the names he proposed are invalid because of his rejection of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature recommendations and rules

Juvenile social relationships reflect adult patterns of behavior in wild geladas

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113724/1/ajp22443.pd