Vom Habitus zum Thanatos

Der freudianische Todestrieb spielt eine zentrale Rolle in der Beziehung zum Begriff der Wiederholung, der von Deleuze in seinem klassischsten und repräsentativsten Text, Differenz und Wiederholung, ausgearbeitet wurde. Hier steigt der Todestrieb als psychoanalytische Kategorie zu einem philosophischen Begriff auf: Ausgehend von den in Jenseits des Lustprinzips von Freud angestellten Überlegungen wird der Todestrieb als transzendentales Prinzip der Psyche interpretiert, sowie als ursprüngliches positives Prinzip für die Wiederholung. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Relevanz des Nexus Tod-Wiederholung in der ersten Phase der Philosophie Deleuzes hervorzuheben und zu explizieren; eine Relevanz, die oft vernachlässigt wird, und zwar aufgrund des rein vitalistischen Charakters , der im Allgemeinen der deleuzianischen Philosophie zugeschrieben wird. Aber gerade diese Spannung zwischen Leben und Tod, zwischen Kreation und Untätigkeit, zwischen Differenz und Wiederholung scheint Deleuzes Gesichtspunkt am besten widerzuspiegeln. Dieser anti-dichotomische Charakter geht bei Deleuze mit einem klar interdisziplinären Ansatz einher: In Differenz und Wiederholung wird der Todestrieb rein philosophisch erörtert, in dem Text Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus wird er im Bezug zur Kunst, im Besonderen zur Literatur, behandelt. Die Werke von De Sade und Sacher- Masoch erweisen sich als Ausdrucksformen des Todestriebs, die eine als eine spekulative, die andere als eine mythische, und zeigen die Möglichkeit neuer Relationen zwischen der künstlerisch-performativen und der psychoanalytisch-klinischen Perspektive. Aus diesem Grund schließt die Arbeit mit dem Versuch, das deleuzianische Projekt fortzusetzen, indem Deleuzes Reflexionen auf zeitgenössische Formen von Sadismus und Masochismus in der Kunst ausgedehnt werden.Freud’s death drive has a central place in the concept of repetition developed by Deleuze in Difference and Repetition. Here the psychoanalytical concept of the death drive becomes a philosophical concept: Deleuze provides a reading of Freud’s Beyond the Pleasure Principle in which he defines the death drive as the transcendental principle of the psyche and as the original positive principle for repetition. The aim of this thesis is to underline and to clarify the importance of the relation between death and repetition in the first phase of Deleuze’s philosophy, an importance that is often neglected because of the purely vitalistic character that is usually attributed to the philosophical project of Deleuze. However, this very tension between life and death, creation and inertia, difference and repetition seems to reflect mostly Deleuze’s point of view. Deleuze combines this anti-dichotomic account with a highly interdisciplinary method: whereas the death drive receives in Difference and Repetition a purely philosophical analysis, it is discussed in Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty in relation to art, to literature in particular. Deleuze sees the works of Sade and Masoch as expressions (respectively speculative and mythical) of the one and drafts the possibility of new relations between artistic-performative and psychoanalytical-clinical accounts. For this reason, this thesis ends with the attempt to continue Deleuze’s project extending his thoughts to contemporary forms of sadism and masochism in art

Lo Human Model, uno strumento per la valutazione ergonomica preventiva dell’aspetto posturale

Il Decreto legislativo 81/08 richiede al datore di lavoro di progettare sistemi, metodi e strumenti di lavoro rispettando i principi ergonomici. Pertanto, risulta opportuno ed efficace utilizzare già in fase di progettazione strumenti di simulazione, in modo da verificare se l’insieme progettuale abbia le caratteristiche ergonomiche definite dalle normative vigenti. Lo strumento presentato in questo lavoro, una volta introdotto il genere e il percentile antropometrico dell’operatore, ne simula le posture assumibili durante l’esecuzione della mansione lavorativa. Lo strumento può esser utilizzato anche in fase di riprogettazione

Divergent long-term detection rates of proximal and distal advanced neoplasia in fecal immunochemical test screening programs: A retrospective cohort study

Background: Short-term studies have reported that the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is less accurate in detecting proximal than distal colorectal neoplasia. Objective: To assess the long-term detection rates for advanced adenoma and colorectal cancer (CRC), according to anatomical location. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Population-based, organized screening program in the Veneto region of Italy. Participants: Persons aged 50 to 69 years who completed 6 rounds of FIT screening. Measurements: At each screening round, the detection rates for advanced adenoma and cancer, as well as the proportional interval cancer rate (PICR), were calculated by anatomical location (proximal colon, distal colon, or rectum). Results: Between 2002 and 2014, a total of 123 347 participants had 441 647 FITs. The numbers of advanced adenomas and cancer cases detected, respectively, were 1704 and 200 in the proximal colon, 3703 and 324 in the distal colon, and 1220 and 209 in the rectum. Although the detection rate for proximal colon cancer declined only from the first to the second screening round (0.63 to 0.36 per 1000 screenees), the rate for both distal colon and rectal cancer steadily decreased across 6 rounds (distal colon, 1.65 in the first round to 0.17 in the sixth; rectum, 0.82 in the first round to 0.17 in the sixth). Similar trends were found for advanced adenoma (proximal colon, 5.32 in the first round to 4.22 in the sixth; distal colon, 15.2 in the first round to 5.02 in the sixth). Overall, 150 cases of interval cancer were diagnosed. The PICR was higher in the proximal colon (25.2% [95% CI, 19.9% to 31.5%]) than the distal colon (6.0% [CI, 3.9% to 8.9%]) or rectum (9.9% [CI, 6.9% to 13.7%]). Limitations: Participants with irregular attendance were censored. Those who had a false-positive result on a previous FIT but negative colonoscopy results were included in subsequent rounds. Conclusion: This FIT-based, multiple-round, long-term screening program had a negligible reduction in detection rates for neoplastic lesions in the proximal versus the distal colon after the first round. This was related to a higher PICR in the proximal colon and suboptimal efficacy in preventing the age-related proximal shifting of CRC. Primary Funding Source: None

Long-term performance of colorectal cancer screening programmes based on the faecal immunochemical test

BACKGROUND: The long-term performance of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programmes based on a 2-year faecal immunochemical test (FIT) is still unclear. METHODS: In a sample of 50 to 69-year-olds repeatedly screened with the FIT (OC-Hemodia latex agglutination test; cut-off: 20\u2009\ub5g haemoglobin/g faeces), we examined: (1) the FIT positivity rate, the CRC and advanced adenoma detection rate and the FIT's positive predictive value (PPV) for advanced neoplasia, at each round of screening and (2) the cumulative CRC and advanced adenoma detection rate after five rounds of FIT. RESULTS: Over 12 years (2002-2014), 123\u2009347 individuals were administered the FIT up to six times, and 781 CRCs and 4713 advanced adenomas were diagnosed. The CRC and advanced adenoma detection rates declined substantially from the first to the third (rate ratio (RR) 0.25, 95%\u2009CI 0.20 to 0.32) and second (RR 0.51, 95%\u2009CI 0.47 to 0.56) rounds, respectively, and then remained stable. The PPV for advanced neoplasia dropped by 18% in the second round (RR 0.82, 95%\u2009CI 0.77 to 0.89), with no further reduction thereafter due to a concomitant decline in the FIT positivity rate (RR first to sixth rounds: 0.56, 95%\u2009CI 0.53 to 0.60).The cumulative CRC and advanced adenoma detection rates over five consecutive rounds were 8.5\u2030 (95%\u2009CI 7.8 to 9.2), and 58.9\u2030 (95%\u2009CI 56.9 to 61.0), rectively. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated FIT significantly reduces the burden of colorectal disease while facilitating an efficient use of colonoscopy resources. The cumulative detection rate after five rounds of FIT is similar to primary screening with colonoscopy, supporting the need to account for the cumulative sensitivity of repeated FITs when evaluating the test's efficacy