Mendicité et vagabondage

Mendicité et vagabondage ne suscitaient pas dans l’Egypte du xixe siècle, les mêmes craintes qu’en France ou en Angleterre. Certes, dès le début du xixe siècle, Muhammad ‘Ali prit des mesures en créant un dépôt de mendicité au Caire, sans doute influencé par l’exemple napoléonien. Le mouvement semble s’être accéléré entre 1840 et 1850. Le non-emploi — qui avait été jusque-là conjoncturel, touchant surtout les travailleurs non qualifiés et étant souvent volontaire — s’étendait désormais à des ..

Comparative Proteomics Study Reveals That Bacterial CpG Motifs Induce Tumor Cell Autophagy in Vitro and in Vivo

International audienceUnmethylated CpG dinucleotides, present in bacterial DNA, are recognized in vertebrates via the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and are known to act as an anticancer agent by stimulating immune cells to induce a proinflammatory response. Although the effects of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) in immune cells have been widely studied, little is known regarding their molecular effects in TLR9-positive tumor cells. To better understand the role of these bacterial motifs in cancer cells, we analyzed proteome modifications induced in TLR9-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo after CpG-ODN treatment in a rat colon carcinoma model. Proteomics analysis of tumor cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry identified several proteins modulated by bacterial CpG motifs. Among them, several are related to autophagy including potential autophagic substrates. In addition, we observed an increased glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression, which has been shown to be sufficient to trigger an autophagic process. Autophagy is a self-digestion pathway whereby cytoplasmic material is sequestered by a structure termed the autophagosome for subsequent degradation and recycling. As bacteria are known to trigger autophagy, we assessed whether bacterial CpG motifs might induce autophagy in TLR9-positive tumor cells. We showed that CpG-ODN can induce autophagy in rodent and human tumor cell lines and was TLR9-dependent. In addition, an increase in the number of autophagosomes can also be observed in vivo after CpG motif intratumoral injection. Our findings bring new insights on the effect of bacterial CpG motifs in tumor cells and may be relevant for cancer treatment and more generally for gene therapy approaches in TLR9-positive tissues

Preventive cancer stem cell-based vaccination reduces liver metastasis development in a rat colon carcinoma syngeneic model.

International audienceCancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a minor population of self-renewing cancer cells that fuel tumor growth. As CSCs are generally spared by conventional treatments, this population is likely to be responsible for relapses that are observed in most cancers. In this work, we analyzed the preventive efficiency of a CSC-based vaccine on the development of liver metastasis from colon cancer in a syngeneic rat model. We isolated a CSC-enriched population from the rat PROb colon carcinoma cell line on the basis of the expression of the aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1) marker. Comparative analysis of vaccines containing lysates of PROb or ALDH(high) cells by mass spectrometry identifies four proteins specifically expressed in the CSC subpopulation. The expression of two of them (heat shock protein 27-kDa and aldose reductase) is already known to be associated with treatment resistance and poor prognosis in colon cancer. Preventive intraperitoneal administration of vaccines was then performed before the intrahepatic injection of PROb cancer cells. While no significant difference in tumor occurrence was observed between control and PROb-vaccinated groups, 50% of the CSC-based vaccinated animals became resistant to tumor development. In addition, CSC-based vaccination induced a 99.5% reduction in tumor volume compared to the control group. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first work analyzing the potential of a CSC-based vaccination to prevent liver metastasis development. Our data demonstrate that a CSC-based vaccine reduces efficiently both tumor volume and occurrence in a rat colon carcinoma syngeneic model

Microvascular injuries, secondary edema, and inconsistencies in lung vascularization between affected and nonaffected pulmonary segments of non-critically ill hospitalized COVID-19 patients presenting with clinical deterioration

Purpose: We aimed to better understand the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in non-critically ill hospitalized patients secondarily presenting with clinical deterioration and increase in oxygen requirement without any identified worsening factors. Methods: We consecutively enrolled patients without clinical or biological evidence for superinfection, without left ventricular dysfunction and for whom a pulmonary embolism was discarded by computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography. We investigated lung ventilation and perfusion (LVP) by LVP scintigraphy, and, 24 h later, left and right ventricular function by Tc-99m-labeled albumin-gated blood-pool scintigraphy with late (60 mn) tomographic albumin images on the lungs to evaluate lung albumin retention that could indicate microvascular injuries with secondary edema. Results: We included 20 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. All had CT evidence of organizing pneumonia and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. No patient demonstrated preserved ventilation with perfusion defect (mismatch), which may discard a distal lung thrombosis. Patterns of ventilation and perfusion were heterogeneous in seven patients (35%) with healthy lung segments presenting a relative paradoxical hypoperfusion and hypoventilation compared with segments with organizing pneumonia presenting a relative enhancement in perfusion and preserved ventilation. Lung albumin retention in area of organizing pneumonia was observed in 12 patients (60%), indicating microvascular injuries, increase in vessel permeability, and secondary edema. Conclusion: In hospitalized non-critically ill patients without evidence of superinfection, pulmonary embolism, or cardiac dysfunction, various types of damage may contribute to clinical deterioration including microvascular injuries and secondary edema, inconsistencies in lung segments vascularization suggesting a dysregulation of the balance in perfusion between segments affected by COVID-19 and others. Summary Statement Microvascular injuries and dysregulation of the balance in perfusion between segments affected by COVID-19 and others are present in non-critically ill patients without other known aggravating factors. Key Results In non-critically ill patients without evidence of superinfection, pulmonary embolism, macroscopic distal thrombosis or cardiac dysfunction, various types of damage may contribute to clinical deterioration including 1/ microvascular injuries and secondary edema, 2/ inconsistencies in lung segments vascularization with hypervascularization of consolidated segments contrasting with hypoperfusion of not affected segments, suggesting a dysregulation of the balance in perfusion between segments affected by COVID-19 and others

Entre réforme sociale et mouvement national

Cet ouvrage est dédié à la mémoire d’Avriel Butovsk