Construction of genetic linkage map and QTL analysis of sinksize traits in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)

A linkage map, primarily based on SSCP-SNP markers, was constructed using 188 F2:3 (F2-derived F3) mapping population progenies derived from a cross between two pearl millet inbred lines having diverse pedigrees. The parents had large differences for two sink size traits (grain size and panicle diameter), and also differed for panicle length. The skeleton linkage map covered 1019 cM and it comprised of 44 loci (detected with 24 SSCP-SNP, 10 genomic SSR, 6 EST-SSR and 4 STS primer pairs) distributed across the seven linkage groups. Average adjacent-marker intervals ranged from 14 cM on LG1 to 38 cM on LG6, with an overall mean of 23 cM. Using the F2 linkage map and phenotypic data collected from the F2 and F2:3 generations of the mapping population, a total of 18 putative QTLs were detected for the three sink-size components. Eight QTLs explained 42.7% of observed phenotypic variation for panicle length, with individual QTLs explaining 6.1 to 18.2% using the F2:3 data set. For panicle diameter, 5 QTLs explained 45.8% of observed phenotypic variation with individual QTLs accounting for 6.3 to 30.2%. Similarly for grain size, 5 QTLs explained 29.6% of phenotypic variation with individual QTLs accounting for 6.1 to 8.9%. Genomic regions associated with panicle length, panicle diameter and grain size co-mapped on LG6 between Xpsms88 and Xpsms2270, indicating the existence of a gene or gene cluster with major effects involved in the control of significant proportions of the phenotypic variation for all three sink-size traits. The QTLs for panicle length on LG2 and LG6 (LOD>3 in both F2 and F2:3 data sets), for panicle diameter on LG2 and LG3 (LOD>14 in the F2:3 data set) and for grain size on LG3 and LG6 (LOD>3 in both F2 and F2:3 data sets) were identified as promising candidates for validation prior to possible application in marker-assisted breeding

Construction of Genetic Linkage Map and QTL Analysis of Sink-Size Traits in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)

A linkage map, primarily based on SSCP-SNP markers, was constructed using 188 F2:3 mapping population progenies produced from a cross between two pearl millet inbred lines having diverse parentage. The skeleton linkage map covered 1019 cM and it comprised of 44 markers distributed across the seven linkage groups. Average adjacent-marker intervals ranged from 14 cM on LG1 to 38 cM on LG6, with an overall mean of 23 cM. Using the F2 linkage map and phenotypic data from the F2 and F2:3 generations of the mapping population, a total of 18 putative QTLs were detected for the three sink-size components. Eight QTLs explained 42.7% of observed phenotypic variation for panicle length using the F2:3 data set. For panicle diameter, 5 QTLs explained 45.8% of observed phenotypic variation. Similarly for grain size, 5 QTLs explained 29.6% of phenotypic variation. Genomic regions associated with panicle length, panicle diameter, and grain size were comapped on LG6 between Xpsms88 and Xpsms2270, indicating the existence of a gene or gene cluster. The QTLs for panicle length on LG2 and LG6 ( in both F2 and F2:3 data sets), for panicle diameter on LG2 and LG3 ( in the F2:3 data set), and for grain size on LG3 and LG6 ( in both F2 and F2:3 data sets) were identified as promising candidates for validation prior to possible application in marker-assisted breeding

Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals

To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women’s fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species—including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms

Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals

To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women's fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species-including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms

Dynamics of Diseased Prey Predator Model with Nonlinear Feedback Control

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of diseased prey- predator system with nonlinear feedback. A nonlinear feedback mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the predator interaction with infected prey. We showed that the continuous time diseased prey-predator system can be asymptotically stabilized using nonlinear feedback control. By constructing Lyapunov function, global asymptotic stability is established. Also we obtained necessary control law for asymptotic stability of this system. Finally, a numerical simulation supports our analytical finding

Influence of predator standby capacity, harvesting and noise on a two patchy aquatic delayed eco system with migration of prey

In this article, we analyse the dynamical behaviour of a prey predator fishery model. The model is studied and analysed on the basis of harvesting of prey species in an environment which consists of two sectors. Mathematically, we have analysed the boundedness of the solution and the local stability of positive interior equilibrium point. The time lag in terms of delay parameter corresponds to the predator gestation period. The occurrence of Hopf-bifurcation of the proposed model is shown at the positive equilibrium point by considering delay as a bifurcation parameter. We observe that the system exhibits periodic oscillations due to an increase of the delay parameter. Furthermore, we examined the impact of noise on the model system using the Fourier transform technique. Finally, we verified our analytical findings by means of graphical illustrations. Keywords: Prey-predator, Stability, Time delay, Hopf-bifurcation, Noise, Global stability, Stochastic analysi

Application Of Backstep Control In Diseased Prey-Predator System

In this paper,backstep control is employed to a three species diseased biological system having two prey viz. susceptible and infected prey and a predator. Using the back stepping control design, the controllability conditions are framed. The non-linear feedback control approach is implemented to derive the global asymptotic stability conditions for the biological system. Diverse set of parametric value are used and the corresponding chaotic behavior of the system is obtained. Finally numerical simulations by Matlab are executed to explore the effect of back stepping control in the system