New Report of Endophytic Sordariomycetes from the Seagrasses of Cebu, Central Philippines

Sordariomycete is one of the dominant components of the endophytic community in seagrasses. However, there are still many species under this group that still need to be described. Among the tropical seagrasses, the Philippines had the least number of endophytic Sordariomycete reported. This study reports the isolation of endophytic Sordariomycete from Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea serrulata, and Thalassia hemprichii. Seagrass samples were collected from the coastal areas of Hilutungan Channel, Cebu, Central Philippines using a sterilized razor. Explants from seagrass samples were surface-sterilized, inoculated in culture plates, and incubated for 14 days at 27±2°C. Fungi that grew from the edge of explants were purified and identified through morphological and molecular methods using ITS sequences. Molecular phylogeny was inferred by neighbor-joining with 1000 bootstrap replications. Three species of Sordariomycete were identified in this study. Fungal isolates from the rhizomes and roots of Cymodocea serrulata had 99.84% nucleotide similarity with Eutypella sp. Isolates from the rhizomes and roots of Enhalus acoroides had a 100% match identity with Beauveria bassiana. While the isolate from the leaf of Thalassia hemprichii had a 99% nucleotide affinity to Xylaria apoda. These isolates formed a well-supported clade with their closest match taxa at 100% bootstrap support. The estimate of evolutionary divergence between the isolates’ sequences and their reference taxa was 0.0, suggesting no nucleotide base substitutions per site. The identification of seagrass isolates as Eutypella sp., Beauveria bassiana, and Xylaria apoda is hereby supported. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that endophytic fungi from the Philippine seagrass did not cluster with any fungal species previously reported from the Philippines, suggesting different species. To our knowledge, Eutypella sp., Beauveria bassiana, and Xylaria apoda were the first reports of endophytic Sordariomycete in Philippine seagrasses. The isolation of these endophytes is promising because these genera are a rich source of novel compounds and biocontrol agents

The reproductive biology of Lutraria philippinarum (Veneroida: Mactridae) and its fishery in the Philippines

The Snout Otter Clam, Lutraria philippinarum is a regularly harvested bivalve species for food and also as a source of income in the Philippines. For sustainable supply of this resource in the wild, efficient and effective management strategies are needed, and the evaluation of its reproductive biology and fishery are required. In this study, the reproductive biology and fishery of L. philippinarum in the Philippines were examined monthly from January to December 2010 in North Bais Bay, Manjuyod, Negros Oriental and Philippines. For reproductive biology, otter clams were sampled, and sex ratio (by microscopic observation), size at sexual maturity, shell length (with a vernier caliper), gonad development (by histological examination as resting, developing, mature, spawning and spent) and spawning season were determined. Other information such as water temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen were also measured. To obtain information on the L. philippinarum fishery, interviews were conducted in Negros Oriental, Bohol, Cebu and Sarangani. A total of 677 snout otter clams were sampled. The study showed that L. philippinarum sex ratio was 1:1.15 and showed no significant difference from 1:1 ratio. Males attained its first sexual maturity at 43mm shell length while the females at 46mm. Histological examination on gonad development indicated that gametogenesis, maturation and spawning season of L. philippinarum occurred throughout the year with two spawning peaks, January and June. Changes in water temperature in North Bais Bay may have influenced the spawning peaks of L. philippinarum. Data on the fishery of L. philippinarum revealed that the Catch Per Unit Effort of L. philippinarum in the Philippines ranged from 0.2kg/hr-man to 1.25kg/hr-man suggesting low shell catch. We recommend that some mature individuals have to be left in the population to allow in situ breeding.Lutraria philippinarum es una especie de bivalvo recolectada regularmente para la alimentación y como fuente de ingreso en las Filipinas. Para el suministro sostenible de este recurso en la naturaleza, se necesitan estrategias de manejo efectivas, así como la evaluación de su biología reproductiva y pesquera. Se examinaron estos aspectos mensualmente de enero-diciembre 2010 en North Bais Bay, Manjuyod, Negros Oriental, Filipinas. Se tomó medida del tamaño a la madurez sexual, proporción de sexos (con observación microscópica), longitud de la concha (con calibrador vernier), desarrollo de gónadas (con examinación histológica del descanso, desarrollo, madurez, desove y gasto) y época de desove. Para obtener información de la pesquería de L. philippinarum, se realizaron entrevistas en Negros Oriental, Bohol, Cebu y Sarangani. Un total de 677 ostras fueron muestreadas. Se encontró que la proporción de sexos fue 1:1.15 y no se observó diferencia significativa de la proporción 1:1. Los machos alcanzaron la madurez sexual a la longitud de concha de 43mm mientras que las hembras a 46mm. El análisis histológico del desarrollo de las gónodas indicó que la gametogénesis, maduración y desove ocurren durante todo el año con dos picos de desove, enero y junio. Los datos sobre la pesquería revelaron que la captura por unidad de esfuerzo de L. philippinarum osciló entre 0.2kg/h hombre a 1.25kg/h hombre que sugieren baja captura de conchas. Recomendamos que algunos individuos maduros tienen que ser dejados en la población para permitir la reproducción in situ

The reproductive biology of Lutraria philippinarum (Veneroida: Mactridae) and its fishery in the Philippines

The Snout Otter Clam, Lutraria philippinarum is a regularly harvested bivalve species for food and also as a source of income in the Philippines. For sustainable supply of this resource in the wild, efficient and effective management strategies are needed, and the evaluation of its reproductive biology and fishery are required. In this study, the reproductive biology and fishery of L. philippinarum in the Philippines were examined monthly from January to December 2010 in North Bais Bay, Manjuyod, Negros Oriental and Philippines. For reproductive biology, otter clams were sampled, and sex ratio (by microscopic observation), size at sexual maturity, shell length (with a vernier caliper), gonad development (by histological examination as resting, developing, mature, spawning and spent) and spawning season were determined. Other information such as water temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen were also measured. To obtain information on the L. philippinarum fishery, interviews were conducted in Negros Oriental, Bohol, Cebu and Sarangani. A total of 677 snout otter clams were sampled. The study showed that L. philippinarum sex ratio was 1:1.15 and showed no significant difference from 1:1 ratio. Males attained its first sexual maturity at 43mm shell length while the females at 46mm. Histological examination on gonad development indicated that gametogenesis, maturation and spawning season of L. philippinarum occurred throughout the year with two spawning peaks, January and June. Changes in water temperature in North Bais Bay may have influenced the spawning peaks of L. philippinarum. Data on the fishery of L. philippinarum revealed that the Catch Per Unit Effort of L. philippinarum in the Philippines ranged from 0.2kg/hr-man to 1.25kg/hr-man suggesting low shell catch. We recommend that some mature individuals have to be left in the population to allow in situ breeding.<br>Lutraria philippinarum es una especie de bivalvo recolectada regularmente para la alimentación y como fuente de ingreso en las Filipinas. Para el suministro sostenible de este recurso en la naturaleza, se necesitan estrategias de manejo efectivas, así como la evaluación de su biología reproductiva y pesquera. Se examinaron estos aspectos mensualmente de enero-diciembre 2010 en North Bais Bay, Manjuyod, Negros Oriental, Filipinas. Se tomó medida del tamaño a la madurez sexual, proporción de sexos (con observación microscópica), longitud de la concha (con calibrador vernier), desarrollo de gónadas (con examinación histológica del descanso, desarrollo, madurez, desove y gasto) y época de desove. Para obtener información de la pesquería de L. philippinarum, se realizaron entrevistas en Negros Oriental, Bohol, Cebu y Sarangani. Un total de 677 ostras fueron muestreadas. Se encontró que la proporción de sexos fue 1:1.15 y no se observó diferencia significativa de la proporción 1:1. Los machos alcanzaron la madurez sexual a la longitud de concha de 43mm mientras que las hembras a 46mm. El análisis histológico del desarrollo de las gónodas indicó que la gametogénesis, maduración y desove ocurren durante todo el año con dos picos de desove, enero y junio. Los datos sobre la pesquería revelaron que la captura por unidad de esfuerzo de L. philippinarum osciló entre 0.2kg/h hombre a 1.25kg/h hombre que sugieren baja captura de conchas. Recomendamos que algunos individuos maduros tienen que ser dejados en la población para permitir la reproducción in situ