Perbandingan Imt dan Indikator Obesitas Sentral terhadap Kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 (Dmt2) (Analisis Data Sekunder Baseline Studi Kohor Ptm di Kelurahan Kebon Kalapa Bogor Tahun 2011)

Background: Several studies show that obesity is associated with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the most appropriate indicator of obesity measurement to predict the occurrence of T2DM is still varies.The purpose of the study is to identify whether indicator of general obesity or central obesity which has a more strong relationship to T2DM. Methods: Design of the study was a cross sectional using secondary data of the raw data of cohort study on non-communicable diseases risk factors, NIHRD 2011. The multivariate logistic regression is applied for analysis. Result:Statistical models show that there is no strength of correlations of BMI, WC and WHtR ratio with the occurrence of T2DM were not different. The Odds ratio values of BMI, LP, and LP/TB are 2.83, 2.70 and 2.49 respectively; with 95% CI value is coincided.Conclusion: The strength of association of the three indicators of obesity with T2DM after controlled by age, family history, hypertension, and physical activity are not much different. The use of appropriate indicators depends on the healthpractitioners decision based on the available resources.Keywords : T2DM, BMI, WC, WHtRAbstrakLatar belakang: Berbagai penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa obesitas berkaitan dengan risiko terjadinya DM tipe 2 (DMT2). Namun indikator pengukuran obesitas yang paling tepat dalam memprediksi terjadinya DMT2 masih berbeda-beda. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasiindikator pengukuran obesitas umum atau obesitas sentral yang lebih kuat hubungannya dengan kejadian DMT2. Metode : Desain penelitian ini potong lintang dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari data dasar studi kohor faktor risiko penyakit tidak menular (PTM) Badan Litbangkes RI tahun 2011. Analisis menggunakan regresi logistik ganda. Hasil : Kekuatan hubungan ketiga indikator obesitas yaitu IMT, LP dan rasio LP/TB terhadap terjadinya DMT2 tidak berbeda. Odds Ratio IMT 2,83 OR LP 2,70 dan OR LP/TB 2,49 dengan nilai 95 % CI yang berhimpitan. Kesimpulan : Kekuatan hubungan ketiga indikator obesitas terhadap terjadinya DMT2 setelah dikontrol faktor umur, riwayat keluarga, hipertensi dan aktifitas fisik tidak jauh berbeda. Maka dalam penggunaan indikator tersebut tergantung keputusan praktisi kesehatan sesuai sumber daya yang ada.Kata kunci : DMT2, IMT, LP, rasio LP/T

Trigliserida Sebagai Faktor Prognosis Untuk Hipertensi Tidak Terkendali Pada Wanita Pasca Menopause Di Kota Bogor, Tahun 2014

Further analysis aimed to determine the new cut-off correlation between blood triglyceride levels withuncontrolled hypertension among 888 postmenopausal women from two-year follow up of the cohort studyin Bogor. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as the average of systolic and diastolic are >140mmHgand >90mmHg consecutively with no underlying diseases and systolic is >130mmHg with co-morbidityat the end of 2-year follow up. The covariate variables included demography, behavior and biologicalfactors. The new triglyceride\u27s cut off was determined by ROC curve with 65% sensitivity and 68%specificity. Data were analyzed with multiple logistic regression. Blood triglyceride level significantlycorrelated with uncontrolled hypertension (p=0.007) after adjusted with LDL, postprandial blood sugarand sodium intake. Triglyceride levels of 108-149mg/dl resulted in OR of 1.54 (95% CI 0.95 to 2.48),150-199mg/dl showed OR of 2.04 (95% CI 1.06 to 3.93) and level of >200 indicated an OR 2.1 (95% CI1.02 to 4.30) compared to normal level (<108mg/dl). Triglyceride level of 108mg/dl is a new cut-off todetermine uncontrolled hypertension in postmenopausal women in the study area. Blood triglyceride\u27slevel can be used as a prognostic factor for hypertensive patients to monitor blood pressure increment

Phosphine distribution and insect mortality in commercial metal shipping containers using wireless sensors and CFD modeling

In the present work, the distribution of phosphine gas in metal shipping containers was modeled and compared with available data from phosphine sensors. Two different sizes of containers, 20 and 40 ft, were used in the experiments with different doses for each treatment. In each container, sensors were placed to monitor the distribution of phosphine, along with vials with phosphine –susceptible and –resistant insect populations. The insects used in the experiments were the Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), which are two of the most common species found in stored products. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was developed using the OpenFoam software and combined with phosphine sensors for precision fumigation practices. Gas transport and sorption effects of phosphine into empty and filled containers were considered in the CFD model. In light of our findings, in an empty container, the phosphine concentration was approximately similar for all locations, while in the filled container there were noticeable variations inside the fumigated area. Moreover, there was a time delay for phosphine to reach the sensors that were submerged inside the fumigated commodity, at the rear side of the containers. Regarding the simulations, the predictions of the computational model were in accordance with the phosphine concentration as recorded by the sensors. Concerning insect mortality data, in most of the cases, for both species, complete control was noted, regardless of the resistance level of the population tested. These results indicated that the CFD correlated well with the phosphine concentration and insect mortality and thus, a methodology for precision fumigation in containers can be further established. © 2021 Elsevier B.V

Real time monitoring of phosphine and insect mortality in different storage facilities

In this study, we evaluated wireless phosphine sensors to quantify and depict spatio-temporal dynamics and distribution of this gas within different types of facilities and commodities. The use of wireless sensors has certain advantages over the use of traditional monitoring techniques (e.g. tubes etc.), as any measurements with these traditional techniques correspond to the specific time and location of monitoring and are not transferable to additional intervals and locations, which leads fumigators to either overestimate or underestimate the concentrations and outcomes of a given fumigation. In fact, in light of our findings, the distribution of phosphine in large warehouses was not usually adequate for a satisfactory level of insect control, and gas concentrations varied remarkably through time and space. In contrast, commercial treatments at containers were sufficient to control the insects tested, even on stored-product insects which were found to be resistant to phosphine. Furthermore, in the case of silos and ship holds, our work indicated that the use of forced recirculation systems for phosphine is essential to increase concentration and, as a result, insect mortality. Overall, our tests clearly suggested that the sensors were very effective in measuring phosphine and are generally expected to play important role in the near future in IPM-based programs at the post-harvest stages of agricultural commodities. At the same time, real-time monitoring can be used with success for the prediction of insect mortality in the treated facilities. © 2020 Elsevier Lt

Modeling the distribution of phosphine and insect mortality in cylindrical grain silos with Computational Fluid Dynamics: Validation with field trials

In the present work, the distribution of phosphine gas in six metal silos with wheat was modelled and compared with available distribution data from phosphine sensors. During the fumigation, a recirculation system was used to improve the diffusion of phosphine. Three different Scenarios of the recirculation system were used: (a) Scenario 1: the recirculation system was used for only 24 h in the beginning of the fumigation, (b) Scenario 2: the recirculation system was used for four consecutive days from the beginning of the fumigation and (c) Scenario 3: the recirculation system was used from the beggining of the fumigation for approximately 50 hours, the concentration reached over 300ppm and all sensors had gas equilibrium. In each silo, sensors were placed to monitor the concentration of phosphine, along with vials with phosphine-susceptible and -resistant insect populations. The insect species that were used were Rhyzopertha dominica and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was used for precision fumigation by using phosphine sensors with the OpenFoam software. Gas transport and sorption effects of phosphine into the grain was accounted through the CFD model. Simulation results were obtained for insect mortality as a function of their exposure to phosphine gas. CFD-based modelling was accurate in simulating and forecasting fumigation results and provided good predictions on each location inside the fumigated areas. Moreover, the fumigation applications resulted in complete control in all populations tested. The recirculation system improved the distribution of phosphine in the fumigated area. The most appropriate Scenario was Scenario 3, showing the least uneven distribution in the treated silo in contrast with the other two. These results indicated that CFD correlates well phosphine concentration with insect mortality and thus, a methodology for precision fumigation can be further established. © 2020 Elsevier B.V

Power, performance and area prediction of 3D ICs during early stage design exploration in 45nm

In this work, the impact of across-chip temperature and power supply voltage variations, on performance predictions in 3D ICs, is investigated. To make this possible, a novel design flow is proposed to perform design exploration of 3D ICs. Power supply voltage and thermal variations are modeled, to allow accurate PPA (power, performance and area) predictions. Using the main parts of this design flow, in a system comprising hundreds of million gates, complicated mechanisms are shown to determine the performance of the system. With increasing number of dies, timing is shown to exhibit 4 distinct regions, where either temperature or voltage drop is the dominant limiting factor. Power consumption does not scale monotonically with increasing die number. As a consequence, optimum system performance is in no way achieved by minimizing temperature and voltage drop, as is assumed in the literature so far. The across-chip temperature and power supply voltage variations are finally shown to cause on average 40% increase in timing and 53% decrease in power consumption, compared to the assumption of nominal conditions. © 2011 IEEE