The Flood Control Regime of the Columbia River Treaty: Before and after 2024

This article examines the flood control rules established by the Columbia River Treaty and Protocol between Canada and the United States before and after 2024. The flood control operations change automatically in 2024. Part I discusses the flooding risks posed by the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers. Part II offers an account of the general international law pertaining to flood protection and in particular the duties that one basin state may owe to another. This section draws on the work of the International Law Commission which informed the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. Part III outlines some of the background to the negotiation of the flood control provisions of the Columbia River Treaty (CRT) referring in particular to the work of the International Joint Commission (IJC) established by the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909. Part IV describes the flood control provisions of the Treaty as qualified by the terms of the Protocol to the Treaty including both assured flood control and on-call flood control. The assured flood control provisions expire in 2024. Flood control is principally provided by the construction of three treaty dams in Canada (Arrow/Keenleyside, Mica and Duncan) and the operation of those dams in accordance with a flood control operating plan (FCOP). The appendix contains a more detailed account of the FCOP and variation of the FCOP known as VARQ FC

James Lackington (1746-1815) and reading in the late eighteenth century

This thesis contributes to the history of reading in the eighteenth century by examining the impact of reading on the life and work of the bookseller James Lackington. It illustrates the transfonnative power of reading in the period, its ability radically to alter the life of a man of humble birth. It presents a detailed analysis of Lackington's two autobiographies, Memoirs of the First Forty-Five Years of the Life of James Lackington (1791), and the later and neglected Confessions of J. Lackington (1804). The numerous quotations they contain become the basis in the thesis for a detailed reconstruction of Lackington' s reading. These two texts also provide evidence of Lackington's use of literary tools such as review journals, miscellanies and dictionaries, and the thesis here builds upon the work of Barbara Benedict, Leah Price, Antonia Foster and others to trace his developing confidence as consumer and distributor of texts. It uncovers the crucial role played by Methodism in Lackington's reading career and documents his complex relationship to the religion of his youth, which he rejects in favour of freethinking only to return to it in later life. The thesis is also concerned to explore the relationship between reading and identity in the eighteenth century. It discusses the way in which Lackington employs reading in his autobiographies to construct a new identity compatible with his social aspirations, and it considers his attempts to influence the choices of the reading public both in his autobiographies and, as a bookseller, by designing sales catalogues to appeal to and aid inexperienced readers in their buying choices. Unlike previous studies, it examines the whole of Lackington's life, not just his bookselling years, and in so doing gives a fuller account of the rich and complex relationship between religion and reading in this period. Lackington, it is argued, was an extraordinary reader himself, as well as an inspirational seller of books and promoter of reading in others

Forty Years of Canadian Sovereignty Assertion in the Arctic, 1947-87

Threats of objections to Canadian claims to sovereignty and to the exercise of sovereign rights by Canada in the Arctic Islands was not unchallengeable. Canadian concerns focused on the desire of the United States to establish weather stations in the Arctic with or without Canadian support. By the early 1950s, and with bilateral agreements with the United States on the DEW Line and BMEWS, Canadian terrestrial sovereignty was beyond question. Canadian maritime claims continued to be contested during the balance of the period. These claims have taken the form of functional jurisdiction over pollution, an historic title to the waters of the archipelago and the rejection of an "international" status for the waters of the Northwest Passage. Canadian maritime claims in the Arctic have not been consistently formulated or consistently pursued by the Canadian government during the period due to an evolving international law of the sea and American objections. The Canadian position on functional jurisdiction over pollution has been vindicated by the Law of the Sea Convention, but there continue to be significant doubts as to the status of the archipelagic waters.Key words: international law, sovereignty, historic title, functional jurisdiction, international straits Au cours des 40 ans qui ont suivi la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, les États-Unis ont été à les instigateurs de menaces et d'objections envers le Canada quant celui-ci a déclaré ses droits à la souveraineté dans l'Arctique, ou quand il a voulu les y exercer. Juste après la guerre, la souveraineté du Canada sur des régions peu importantes de l'archipel Arctique était loin d'être confirmée. Les Canadiens s'inquiétaient surtout de l'intention des États-Unis d'installer des stations météorologiques dans l'Arctique avec ou sans leur accord. Au début des années 50, les accords bi-latéraux du réseau DEW (Réseau d'alerte avancé) et du système BMEWS (Système d'alerte avancé pour les missiles balistiques) entre Canada et États-Unis, venaient confirmer la souveraineté territoriale du Canada. Les droits à la souveraineté maritime continuèrent cependant d'être remis en question pendant le reste de cette époque. Leur affirmation s'est manifestée sous la forme d'une juridiction administrative sur la pollution, d'un titre historique pour les eaux de l'Archipel, et du rejet du statut d'eaux «internationales» pour le passage du Nord-Ouest. Les droits à la souveraineté maritime du Canada dans l'Arctique n'ont pas été formulés ou exercés avec cohérence par le gouvernement canadien à cause de l'évolution des lois maritimes internationales et des objections américaines pendant cette période. La position canadienne concernant la juridiction administrative sur la pollution a été justifiée par la Convention du droit de la mer, mais de grands doutes subsistent quant au statut des eaux de l'archipel. Mots clés : loi internationale, souveraineté, titre historique, juridiction administrative, détroits internationau