1,285 research outputs found

    A Marketing Strategy in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain with Loss-Averse Consumers

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    Metal-to-semiconductor transition in squashed armchair carbon nanotubes

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    We investigate electronic transport properties of the squashed armchair carbon nanotubes, using tight-binding molecular dynamics and Green's function method. We demonstrate a metal-to-semiconductor transistion while squashing the nanotubes and a general mechanism for such transistion. It is the distinction of the two sublattices in the nanotube that opens an energy gap near the Fermi energy. We show that the transition has to be achieved by a combined effect of breaking of mirror symmetry and bond formation between the flattened faces in the squashed nanotubes.Comment: 4 papges, 4 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. Let

    A Comprehensive Analysis of Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Data. IV. Spectral Lag and its Relation to E p Evolution

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    The spectral evolution and spectral lag behavior of 92 bright pulses from 84 gamma-ray bursts observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) telescope are studied. These pulses can be classified into hard-to-soft pulses (H2S; 64/92), H2S-dominated-tracking pulses (21/92), and other tracking pulses (7/92). We focus on the relationship between spectral evolution and spectral lags of H2S and H2S-dominated-tracking pulses. The main trend of spectral evolution (lag behavior) is estimated with ( ), where E p is the peak photon energy in the radiation spectrum, t + t 0 is the observer time relative to the beginning of pulse −t 0, and is the spectral lag of photons with energy E with respect to the energy band 8–25 keV. For H2S and H2S-dominated-tracking pulses, a weak correlation between and k E is found, where W is the pulse width. We also study the spectral lag behavior with peak time of pulses for 30 well-shaped pulses and estimate the main trend of the spectral lag behavior with . It is found that is correlated with k E . We perform simulations under a phenomenological model of spectral evolution, and find that these correlations are reproduced. We then conclude that spectral lags are closely related to spectral evolution within the pulse. The most natural explanation of these observations is that the emission is from the electrons in the same fluid unit at an emission site moving away from the central engine, as expected in the models invoking magnetic dissipation in a moderately high-σ outflow

    A comprehensive analysis of Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Data: IV. Spectral lag and Its Relation to Ep Evolution

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    The spectral evolution and spectral lag behavior of 92 bright pulses from 84 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) observed by the Fermi GBM telescope are studied. These pulses can be classified into hard-to-soft pulses (H2S, 64/92), H2S-dominated-tracking pulses (21/92), and other tracking pulses (7/92). We focus on the relationship between spectral evolution and spectral lags of H2S and H2S-dominated-tracking pulses. %in hard-to-soft pulses (H2S, 64/92) and H2S-dominating-tracking (21/92) pulses. The main trend of spectral evolution (lag behavior) is estimated with logEpkElog(t+t0)\log E_p\propto k_E\log(t+t_0) (τ^kτ^logE{\hat{\tau}} \propto k_{\hat{\tau}}\log E), where EpE_p is the peak photon energy in the radiation spectrum, t+t0t+t_0 is the observer time relative to the beginning of pulse t0-t_0, and τ^{\hat{\tau}} is the spectral lag of photons with energy EE with respect to the energy band 88-2525 keV. For H2S and H2S-dominated-tracking pulses, a weak correlation between kτ^/Wk_{{\hat{\tau}}}/W and kEk_E is found, where WW is the pulse width. We also study the spectral lag behavior with peak time tpEt_{\rm p_E} of pulses for 30 well-shaped pulses and estimate the main trend of the spectral lag behavior with logtpEktplogE\log t_{\rm p_E}\propto k_{t_p}\log E. It is found that ktpk_{t_p} is correlated with kEk_E. We perform simulations under a phenomenological model of spectral evolution, and find that these correlations are reproduced. We then conclude that spectral lags are closely related to spectral evolution within the pulse. The most natural explanation of these observations is that the emission is from the electrons in the same fluid unit at an emission site moving away from the central engine, as expected in the models invoking magnetic dissipation in a moderately-high-σ\sigma outflow.Comment: 58 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. ApJ in pres
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