Análisis de la salud circadiana como factor predictivo de éxito en la pérdida de peso

OBJETIVOS: Objetivo 1: Investigar la relación entre la pérdida de peso y la ritmicidad circadiana, utilizando la temperatura de la muñeca y mediciones de actimetría, en mujeres sometidas a un programa de pérdida de peso, con el fin de evaluar si la ritmicidad circadiana pudiera ser un marcador de la eficacia de los tratamientos de pérdida de peso. Objetivo 2: Investigar los efectos de los cambios en el horario de las comidas sobre el gasto de energía, la tolerancia a la glucosa y variables circadianas. Objetivo 3: Determinar, si la presencia de CLOCK 3111T/C en mujeres con sobrepeso está relacionado con (a) trastornos circadianos, y (b) cambios en la calidad del sueño, para mejorar la comprensión de las asociaciones previamente demostradas con la obesidad y la reducción de la pérdida de peso de las portadoras C. METODOS: I. Para la consecución del objetivo 1: Participaron 85 mujeres ( IMC: 30.24 ± 4.95 kgm-2) sometidas a un programa de reducción de peso. La eficacia del tratamiento se definió mediante: la pérdida de peso total, el porcentaje de pérdida de peso respecto al peso inicial y la pérdida de peso semanal. La ritmicidad circadiana se determinó mediante: temperatura de la muñeca, actividad motora y posición del cuerpo. II. Para la consecución del objetivo 2: 32 mujeres [edad 24 ± 4 e IMC 22,9 ± 2,6 kg/m2] participaron en este estudió. Se diseñaron dos protocolos de forma aleatoria y cruzada. Para el protocolo (P1) (n = 10) se realizaron medidas de gasto energético en reposo mediante calorimetría indirecta y tolerancia a la glucosa durante el periodo postprandial, para el protocolo (P2) se incluyeron mediciones relacionadas con el sistema circadiano basados en perfiles de cortisol salivar y temperatura medida en la muñeca (n = 22). A los participantes se les proporcionó comidas estandarizadas durante las dos semanas de intervención y se estudiaron bajo dos condiciones: comiendo temprano (13:00h) y comiendo tarde (16:30h). III. Para la consecución del objetivo 3: Se reclutaron 85 mujeres con sobrepeso, [edad 43 ± 12 e IMC 28,6 ±4,3 kg/m2]. Las variables de temperatura de muñeca (T), actimetría (A), posición del cuerpo (P) y TAP se midieron como marcadores de la funcionalidad sistema circadiano. Se completó un cuestionario de actividad, un registro de comida y sueño diario, mientras que la calidad del sueño se determinó mediante polisomnografía domiciliaria. De esta muestra, 43 mujeres portaban el SNP del alelo menor (C) para CLOCK 3111 y 42 mujeres eran no portadoras de dicho alelo (TT). Ambos grupos de pacientes estaban igualados en número, edad, parámetros de obesidad e ingesta de energía. CONCLUSIONES: [I] Los ritmos circadianos en el inicio del tratamiento son buenos indicadores de la futura pérdida de peso. El tratamiento adicional debe considerar aspectos cronobiológicos para diagnosticar la obesidad y la eficacia de los tratamientos. [II] Comer tarde se asoció con una disminución del gasto energético en reposo, una disminución de la oxidación de carbohidratos en ayunas, disminución de tolerancia a la glucosa, con un perfil diario más aplanado en las concentraciones de cortisol libre y una disminución del efecto térmico de los alimentos según la temperatura periférica medida en la muñeca. Estos resultados pueden estar implicados en los efectos diferenciales de horario de las comidas en la salud metabólica. [III] Individuos portadores del alelo menor C del CLOCK 3111 presentan un ritmo circadiano menos robusto que el TT y una acrofase retrasada que caracteriza a los sujetos con cronotipo vespertino. Apoyamos la idea de que la identificación de genotipos de reloj en los pacientes puede ayudar al terapeuta en la caracterización de las raíces del problema metabólico. OBJECTIVES: Objective 1: To investigate the potential relationship between weight loss and circadian rhythmicity, using wrist temperature and actimetry measurements, in women undergoing a weight-loss program, in order to assess whether circadian rhythmicity could be a marker of weight-loss effectiveness. Objective 2: To investigate the effects of changes in meal timing on energy-expenditure, glucose-tolerance and circadian-related variables. Objective 3: Determine, in free-living conditions, if the presence of CLOCK 3111C in overweight women could be related to (a) circadian disorders, and (b) changes in sleep quality, to improve understanding of the previously demonstrated associations with obesity and reduced weight loss of the C carriers. METHODS: I. To get the objective 1: Participants were 85 overweight and obese women (body mass index, BMI: 30.24±4.95 kg m-2) subjected to a weight reduction program. Efficacy of the treatment was defined as total weight loss, percentage of initial weight and weekly weight loss rates. Circadian rhythmicity in wrist temperature motor activity and position were analyzed using different sensors. II. To get the objective 2: Thirty-two women (aged 24 ± 4 years and body mass index 22.9 ± 2.6 kgm− 2) completed two randomized, crossover protocols: one protocol (P1) including assessment of resting-energy expenditure (indirect-calorimetry) and glucose tolerance (mixed-meal test) (n = 10), the other (P2) including circadian-related measurements based on profiles in salivary cortisol and wrist temperature (Twrist) (n = 22). In each protocol, participants were provided with standardized meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) during the two meal intervention weeks and were studied under two lunch-eating conditions: Early Eating (EE; lunch at 13:00) and Late Eating (LE; lunch 16:30). III. To get the objective 3: Wrist temperature, actimetry and position (TAP) and TAP variables were measured as markers of circadian functionality during 8 consecutive days. A rest–activity and food diary was also completed, whereas sleep quality was determined by domiciliary polysomnography. We recruited 85 women who were overweight with body mass index (BMI) of 28.59±4.30 kg m-2 and age 43±12 years. From this sample, we found that 43 women were carrying the minor allele (C) for CLOCK 3111T/C SNP and 42 women were TT carriers (major allele carriers). Both groups of patients were matched for number, age, obesity parameters and energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: [I] Circadian rhythms at the beginning of the treatment are good predictors of future weight loss. Further treatment should consider chronobiological aspects to diagnose obesity and effectiveness of treatments. [II] Eating late is associated with decreased resting-energy expenditure, decreased fasting carbohydrate oxidation, decreased glucose tolerance, blunted daily profile in free cortisol concentrations and decreased thermal effect of food on Twrist. These results may be implicated in the differential effects of meal timing on metabolic health. [III] C genetic variants in CLOCK 3111T/C display a less robust circadian rhythm than TT and a delayed acrophase that characterizes ‘evening-type’ subjects. We support the notion that identifying CLOCK genotypes in patients may assist the therapist in characterization of the roots of the metabolic problem

Neratinib + fulvestrant + trastuzumab for HR-positive, HER2-negative, HER2-mutant metastatic breast cancer: outcomes and biomarker analysis from the SUMMIT trial

International audienceBackground: HER2 mutations are targetable alterations in patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC). In the SUMMIT basket study, patients with HER2-mutant MBC received neratinib monotherapy, neratinib + fulvestrant, or neratinib + fulvestrant + trastuzumab (N + F + T). We report results from 71 patients with HR+, HER2-mutant MBC, including 21 (seven in each arm) from a randomized substudy of fulvestrant versus fulvestrant + trastuzumab (F + T) versus N + F + T. Patients and methods: Patients with HR+ HER2-negative MBC with activating HER2 mutation(s) and prior cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) therapy received N + F + T (oral neratinib 240 mg/day with loperamide prophylaxis, intramuscular fulvestrant 500 mg on days 1, 15, and 29 of cycle 1 then q4w, intravenous trastuzumab 8 mg/kg then 6 mg/kg q3w) or F + T or fulvestrant alone. Those whose disease progressed on F + T or fulvestrant could cross-over to N + F + T. Efficacy endpoints included investigator-assessed objective response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (RECIST v1.1), duration of response, and progression-free survival (PFS). Plasma and/or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples were collected at baseline; plasma was collected during and at end of treatment. Extracted DNA was analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Results: ORR for 57 N + F + T-treated patients was 39% [95% confidence interval (CI) 26% to 52%); median PFS was 8.3 months (95% CI 6.0-15.1 months). No responses occurred in fulvestrant- or F + T-treated patients; responses in patients crossing over to N + F + T supported the requirement for neratinib in the triplet. Responses were observed in patients with ductal and lobular histology, 1 or ≥1 HER2 mutations, and co-occurring HER3 mutations. Longitudinal circulating tumor DNA sequencing revealed acquisition of additional HER2 alterations, and mutations in genes including PIK3CA, enabling further precision targeting and possible re-response. Conclusions: The benefit of N + F + T for HR+ HER2-mutant MBC after progression on CDK4/6is is clinically meaningful and, based on this study, N + F + T has been included in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network treatment guidelines. SUMMIT has improved our understanding of the translational implications of targeting HER2 mutations with neratinib-based therapy