Gender variation in self-reported likelihood of HIV infection in comparison with HIV test results in rural and urban Nigeria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Behaviour change which is highly influenced by risk perception is a major challenge that HIV prevention efforts need to confront. In this study, we examined the validity of self-reported likelihood of HIV infection among rural and urban reproductive age group Nigerians.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of Nigerians. We investigated the concordance between self-reported likelihood of HIV and actual results of HIV test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess whether selected respondents' characteristics affect the validity of self-reports.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The HIV prevalence in the urban population was 3.8% (3.1% among males and 4.6% among females) and 3.5% in the rural areas (3.4% among males and 3.7% among females). Almost all the respondents who claimed they have high chances of being infected with HIV actually tested negative (91.6% in urban and 97.9% in rural areas). In contrast, only 8.5% in urban areas and 2.1% in rural areas, of those who claimed high chances of been HIV infected were actually HIV positive. About 2.9% and 4.3% from urban and rural areas respectively tested positive although they claimed very low chances of HIV infection. Age, gender, education and residence are factors associated with validity of respondents' self-perceived risk of HIV infection.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Self-perceived HIV risk is poorly sensitive and moderately specific in the prediction of HIV status. There are differences in the validity of self-perceived risk of HIV across rural and urban populations.</p

Utilisation du contraceptif: Implication pour la fécondité achevée, la progression de la parité et l’état de la nutrition maternelle au Nigéria, Afrique subsaharienne

The study identified socio-demographic factors influencing contraceptive use while using nutritional status, completed fertility and parity progression as key variables. NDHS, 2008 dataset on married women aged 45-49 was used. Chi-square, ordinary linear and logistic regression models were used for the analysis. The mean age of the women and CEB were 46.8±1.5 years and 6.9±3.1 respectively. About 26.0% of the women ever used contraception, while 9.0% of the women were underweight. Parity progression from parity 0 to 4 was consistently higher among never-users than women who ever used contraception. The tempo changes for all parities above four as ever-users now progress at lower rate during these periods. The completed fertility and the risk of undernourishment were significantly higher among never users of contraception than ever users. The level of risk persists even when the potential confounding variables were used as control (Afr J Reprod Health 2011; 15[4]:60-67).L’ étude a identifié les facteurs sociodémographiques qui influent sur l’utilisation du contraceptif en se servant d l’état nutritionnel, la fécondité achevée et la progression de de la parité comme des variables clé. Nous nous sommes servis des données de l’ENSD de 2008 sur les femmes âgées de 45-49. Nous avons fait l’analyse à l’aide de la méthode du chi, du linéaire ordinaire et les modèles de la régression logistique. L’âge moyen des femmes et le BEC étaient 46,8± ans et 6,9±3,1 respectivement. A peu près 26,0% des femmes ont utilisé la contraception dans le passé, alors que 9,0% des femmes étaient hypotrophiques. L a progression de la parité depuis zéro à 4 était constamment plus élevée chez celles qui avaient jamais utilisé la contraception que chez celles ui l’ont utilisé dans le passé. Le tempo se modifie pour toutes les parties au-dessus de quatre au fur et à mesure que les femmes qui l’ont utilisé dans le passé progressent plus lentement au cours de ces périodes. La fécondité achevée et le risque de la sous-nourriture ont été significativement plus élevés chez celles qui l’ont utilisé. E niveau de risque persiste même quand l’on s’est servi de variables déconcertants potentiels comme des témoins(Afr J Reprod Health 2011; 15[4]:60-67)

Operational barriers to the implementation of multidrug therapy and leprosy elimination in Cameroon

Background: The World Health Organization targeted to eliminate leprosy from the world with multidrug therapy (MDT) by 2000. But, leprosy remains a problem in Essimbiland of Menchum Division of Cameroon, with a prevalence of 1.7/10,000 and high rate of case detection in children. Aims: To assess knowledge and practices on the cure of leprosy, treatment duration, drug availability and problems faced by leprosy patients acquiring drugs in order to enhance MDT implementation and leprosy elimination in Menchum and Boyo divisions. Methods: Observational study in which a structured questionnaire was administered to leprosy patients, their contacts and a control group. Results: 480 respondents were interviewed and 405 (84.8%) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 81.6-87.2%) knew that leprosy can be cured. These respondents comprised 166 (92.2%) of 180 contacts, 129 (93.5%) of 138 patients and 110 (67.9%) of 162 controls. Two hundred and fourteen (44.6%) (95% CI: 40.1-48.9%) respondents knew that leprosy treatment is free, comprising of 110 (51.4%) patients, 99 (46.3%) contacts and five (2.3%) controls. A statistically significant difference in the knowledge on free treatment of leprosy was found to exist between leprosy patients, contacts and controls, with leprosy patients having a better knowledge (79.71%) (95% CI: 73-86.42%), followed by contacts (55.0%) (95% CI: 47.73-62.26%) and controls (3.1%) (95% CI: 0.43-5.77%) (P = 0.00). Pertinent problems faced by patients in getting MDT included distant health facilities and poor road network (91[19.0%]), lack of confidence in treatment (56 [11.7%]), MDT shortage (45 [9.4%]), few health facilities (52 [10.8%]), gratification demands (25 [5.2%]), disturbance from other illnesses (24 [5.0]), ignorance (21 [4.4%]) and poor relationship with nurses (24 [5.0%]). Conclusion: Patients still face problems in getting free MDT. Better MDT implementation and leprosy elimination strategies are proposed

Association between GWG and pregnancy outcomes in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Association between GWG and pregnancy outcomes in Ibadan, Nigeria.</p

Characteristics of pregnant women by GWG in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Characteristics of pregnant women by GWG in Ibadan, Nigeria.</p

Factors associated with insufficient and excessive GWG among pregnant women in Ibadan.

Factors associated with insufficient and excessive GWG among pregnant women in Ibadan.</p

GWG according to BMI in Ibadan, Nigeria.

BackgroundGestational weight gain (GWG) is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes, future obesity and chronic diseases among women. However, has not received much attention in many low and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. We investigated the pattern, associated factors and pregnancy outcomes of GWG in Ibadan, Nigeria, using the Ibadan Pregnancy Cohort Study (IbPCS).MethodologyThe IbPCS is a multicentre prospective cohort study conducted among 1745 pregnant women recruited from four health facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. GWG, the primary outcome, was categorised according to the Institute of Medicine’s classification into insufficient, adequate and excessive weight gain. Pregnancy outcomes were the secondary outcome variables. Logistic regression analysis (Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval CI) was used to examine associations, and Poisson regression analyses were used to investigate associations with outcomes.ResultsOnly 16.9% of women had optimal GWG, 56.8% had excessive GWG, and 26.9% had insufficient GWG. Excessive GWG was associated with high income ’> #20,000-’ (AOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.25–2.17), being overweight (AOR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.52–2.95) and obese (AOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02–2.13) after adjusting for confounders. In contrast, increased odds of insufficient GWG have associated women with depression (AOR: 1.70, 95% CI 1.17–2.47). There was no significant association between inappropriate GWG and pregnancy outcomes However, there was an increased odds for postpartum haemorrhage (AOR: 2.44, 95% CI 1.14–5.22) among women with obesity and excessive GWG.ConclusionsExcessive GWG was the most typical form of GWG among our study participants and was associated with high maternal income, and being overweight or obese. GWG needs to be monitored during antenatal care, and interventions that promote appropriate GWG should be implemented among pregnant women in Nigeria.</div

1_2_3_4: Forest plots showing the association of specific pregnancy outcomes with GWG by maternal BMI (caesarean section, spontaneous vaginal delivery, macrosomia and postpartum haemorrhage).

Footnote for the forest plots 1. Underweight weight was absent from the forest plots because they made up a very low proportion of the final analysis 36 (2.9%) and was mostly omitted from the output of the stratified analysis for the forest plots.</p

Flowchart of study participants.

BackgroundGestational weight gain (GWG) is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes, future obesity and chronic diseases among women. However, has not received much attention in many low and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. We investigated the pattern, associated factors and pregnancy outcomes of GWG in Ibadan, Nigeria, using the Ibadan Pregnancy Cohort Study (IbPCS).MethodologyThe IbPCS is a multicentre prospective cohort study conducted among 1745 pregnant women recruited from four health facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. GWG, the primary outcome, was categorised according to the Institute of Medicine’s classification into insufficient, adequate and excessive weight gain. Pregnancy outcomes were the secondary outcome variables. Logistic regression analysis (Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval CI) was used to examine associations, and Poisson regression analyses were used to investigate associations with outcomes.ResultsOnly 16.9% of women had optimal GWG, 56.8% had excessive GWG, and 26.9% had insufficient GWG. Excessive GWG was associated with high income ’> #20,000-’ (AOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.25–2.17), being overweight (AOR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.52–2.95) and obese (AOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02–2.13) after adjusting for confounders. In contrast, increased odds of insufficient GWG have associated women with depression (AOR: 1.70, 95% CI 1.17–2.47). There was no significant association between inappropriate GWG and pregnancy outcomes However, there was an increased odds for postpartum haemorrhage (AOR: 2.44, 95% CI 1.14–5.22) among women with obesity and excessive GWG.ConclusionsExcessive GWG was the most typical form of GWG among our study participants and was associated with high maternal income, and being overweight or obese. GWG needs to be monitored during antenatal care, and interventions that promote appropriate GWG should be implemented among pregnant women in Nigeria.</div