南九州における淡水産動物プランクトンの生態学的研究

Thesi

The Importance Of Adopting Sustainable Practices & Community Participation In Power Projects

Attaining sustainable development is one of the greatest challenges facing Pakistan today. A challenge that can only be met by developing and deploying confidence among the people. Transparency in project activities at all stages and other measures will also enhance its social and economic growth. By adopting sustainable practices and sensible policies, we mean that project activity should be economically viable, socially acceptable and environment friendly. In order to achieve this objective, there must be a continued commitment to encourage and ensure the community participation. Since Pakistan is an energy deficient country, it has to initiate power projects on a large scale in the near future. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to tackle these projects in a sustainable way, so that it can be benefited to the maximum possible level and have the least adverse effects on community and the environment. Thus, careful planning, efficient implementation, standardized operational practices and community participation are the key parameters which ensure the positive impacts on economy, prosperity and the well being of our people. This paper pinpoints the potential environmental hazards due to project activity and emphasizes to adopt sustainable approaches in power projects with community participation.

Assessment of maximum sustainable yield of <i>Acanthopagrus berda</i> from Pakistani marine waters by applying surplus production models

1410-1416Picnic Sea bream (Acanthopagrus berda) fishery in the Northern Arabian Sea from Pakistani marine waters was analyzed using catch and effort data (1991-2008). Maximum, minimum and average catch was recorded as 1088 mt in 1999, 586 mt in 1991 and 828 mt year-1 respectively. MSY (Maximum sustainable yield) and other key fish population parameters of K (carrying capacity), q (catchability coefficient), r (intrinsic population growth rate) and CV (coefficient variation) values of the calculated MSY were estimated by CEDA (catch and effort data analysis) and ASPIC (a surplus production model incorporating covariates) computer software packages. The fishing mortality at maximum sustainable yield FMSY = 0.114 from logistic model and FMSY= 0.057 from Fox model was estimated by ASPIC. The stock biomass given MSY BMSY = 11990 (CV= 0.083) from Fox model and MSY BMSY = 13630 (CV= 0.037) was estimated in ASPIC. In CEDA the initial proportion (IP) of 0.5 was used, because starting catch was approximately 50% of the maximum catch. The estimated results of MSY using CEDA with three surplus production models Fox, Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson under three error assumptions of Normal, Log-Normal and Gamma were about 620-800 mt, which was lower than the catch of 897 mt in 2008, indicating that the A. berda fishery in the marine waters of Pakistan has been overexploited, therefore it is suggested that measures should be taken to reduce fishing effort for the rational exploitation of the fishery

Effects of different sex ratios on the growth and ovarian development of the ridgetail white shrimp, Exopalaemon carinicauda

To study the effects of sex ratio differences on the growth and ovarian development of Exopalaemon carinicauda, and their mechanism, we cultured female shrimps with different numbers of males for five weeks, and measured the growth and ovarian development index of relevant individuals. The results show that: 1) the existence of males reduced the growth rate of females, but significantly improved the ovarian development rate of female individuals. The growth rate of females living with the same sex was significantly accelerated, but their ovarian development rates were relatively slow. 2) Four kinds of communication modes between females and males were tested; i.e., free contact, chemical signals, visual signals, and coexisting chemical and visual signals. Of these four types, free contact improved the ovarian development of females. Under the condition of free contact, the period of the ovarian development cycle was shortened, more nutrients accumulated in the ovary, the amount of sex hormones and Vitellogenin (Vg) increased, and the expression of the gonad-inhibitory hormone (gih) gene tended to decrease. We speculated that testosterone released by males may play an important role in these phenomena. 3) Although the different sex ratios had no significant effect on the growth of females, the speed of ovarian development significantly increased when the female: male ratio was 1:2

Growth parameters and mortality rates of giant river-catfish <i>Sperata seenghala </i> from the Indus river, Pakistan

1462-1469Length frequency of Sperata seenghala1 from the Indus River were collected during the months of February, March, April, May and June in 2011. The sample consisted of n= 133 pairs of length and weight data. The length ranged from 46 to 113 cm TL (65.661±15.995 cm), while the weight varied from 500 to 7500 g TW (1806.391±1481.456 g). Length-weight relationship was calculated as a= 0.04, b= 3.047 (R2= 0.99). The von Bertalanffy growth function parameters for S. seenghala were L∞= 117.60 (TL cm) and K= 0.370 year-1, while the age at zero length was t0= -0.513 year. The total instantaneous mortality rate (Z) was estimated at 95% CI of 0.77-1.22 (Z= 1.00 year-1) in the Indus River. The natural mortality (M) was computed as M= 0.556 year-1 at an average annual temperature of surface water of 21oC, whereas the fishing mortality was estimated as F= 0.444 year-1. Therefore, exploitation ratio (E= F/Z) was calculated as E= 0.444. The growth performances indices for L∞ and W∞ were computed Φ'= 3.709 and Φ= 2.175 respectively. When tc was at 1, the yield per recruit analysis found that Fmax was at 0.85 year-1 and F0.1 at 0.75 year-1. The current age at first capture was about 1 year, the Fcurrent rate was 0.444 year-1. Thus the current fishing mortality rate was smaller than Fopt= 0.556 year-1, Fmax= 0.85 year-1 and F0.1= 0.75 year-1. Therefore, we can assume that the current stock of this important fishery resource is not over-fished

Functional analysis of the cell cycle protein E gene (ccne) in ovarian development of the white ridgetail prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda

To investigate the function of the cell cycle Cyclin E gene (ccne) in the ovarian development of Exopalaemon carinicauda, the gene was cloned using the RACE technique, and the relative expression of ccne was analyzed in different tissues at different stages of ovarian development. The effect of knocking down the expression of ccne on yolk protein vitellogenin (vg) was also investigated at ovarian developmental stage II using RNAi. The results showed that the full-length cDNA sequence of ccne in E. carinicauda (1692 bp, with a 5′UTR of 127 bp, a 3′UTR of 299 bp, and an ORF of 1266 bp) could encode a total of 421 amino acids, with a predicted protein molecular weight of 48.04 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.28. The relative expression of ccne was high during all stages of ovarian development, with the highest expression occurring in stage III. In addition, the phylogenetic tree showed that E. carinicauda and Penaeus monodon were clustered into one branch. Knocking down the ccne expression inhibited the expression of vg, meaning that the expression of ccne and vg were positively correlated. In situ hybridization showed that ccne was abundantly expressed in ova, thus inferring that ccne plays a regulatory role and is involved in nutrient accumulation and transport in the ovaries of E. carinicauda