Didáctica de la electrotecnia: un estado del arte

La didáctica, del griego didaktikós, es el “arte de enseñar”, mientras que la electrotecnia sería el “estudio de las aplicaciones técnicas de la electricidad”. En este trabajo fin de máster se desarrolla un estado del arte sobre didáctica de la electrotecnia, con el objetivo de que pueda servir como orientación en el ejercicio de la profesión docente. En primer lugar, se contextualiza brevemente la situación de la electrotecnia en los sistemas escolar y universitario españoles, para después desarrollar una revisión bibliográfica sobre didáctica de la electrotecnia. En ella se incluyen todas las etapas formativas, desde la educación infantil hasta la universidad. Tras explicar las publicaciones analizadas y algunos proyectos de innovación en formación profesional, se plantea una reflexión crítica sobre la revisión realizada. Al detectarse que con anterioridad se han analizado ciertas dificultades de aprendizaje propias del campo de la electrotecnia, se procede a elaborar un cuestionario para investigar algunas concepciones sobre electrotecnia en varios grupos de población, establecidos según la formación académica. Finalmente, se analizan los resultados del cuestionario y se obtienen conclusiones. Queda de manifiesto que, en algunos casos, no se comprenden con suficiente seguridad aspectos muy básicos y esenciales de la electrotecnia.<br /

A Review of Transverse Flux Machines Topologies and Design

High torque and power density are unique merits of transverse flux machines (TFMs). TFMs are particularly suitable for use in direct-drive systems, that is, those power systems with no gearbox between the electric machine and the prime mover or load. Variable speed wind turbines and in-wheel traction seem to be great-potential applications for TFMs. Nevertheless, the cogging torque, efficiency, power factor and manufacturing of TFMs should still be improved. In this paper, a comprehensive review of TFMs topologies and design is made, dealing with TFM applications, topologies, operation, design and modeling

Analytical Optimal Design of a Two-Phase Axial-Gap Transverse Flux Motor

Transverse flux motors (TFMs) are being investigated to be used in vehicle traction applications due to their high torque density. In this paper, a two-phase axial-gap transverse flux motor is designed for an electric scooter, proposing a novel analytical design method. First, the dimensioning equations of the motor are obtained based on the vehicle requirements, and the stationary dq model is calculated. Then, the motor is optimized using a multiobjective genetic algorithm, and finally a 3D-FEM verification is made. Both the motor structure and the design method aim to have a low complexity, in order to favor the sizing and manufacturing processes through a low computation time and simple core shapes. This approach has not yet been explored in axial-gap TFMs

A Comprehensive Analytical Sizing Methodology for Transverse and Radial Flux Machines

Transverse flux machines have the potential to offer high torque density in direct-drive vehicle traction applications. Besides, sizing equations are a wide-spread technique for transverse flux machines design, as their computational cost is much lower than the finite element method. In this paper a novel analytical sizing methodology for transverse and radial flux machines is presented, focusing on the current load and the pole length factor as the main design parameters. The motor specifications are intended for a light-duty electric vehicle application. As transverse flux machines have a single, hoop-shaped coil per phase that embraces the flux of all the pole pairs, their principle of operation and therefore their sizing equations differ from radial flux machines. The proposed analytical method allows to compare transverse and radial flux machines easily through a similarity analysis and a parametric study. Furthermore, the discrepancies between the analytical model and the finite element method are quantified and then included in previous equations. Then the analytical model is optimized with a multiobjective genetic algorithm in the final stage. According to the sizing methodology presented here, transverse flux machines have a superior performance than radial flux machines in terms of torque density and efficiency

Modelado y control de un motor de imanes permanentes aplicado a un vehículo de movilidad personal.

El presente documento tiene por objeto el desarrollo de diferentes algoritmos de control aplicados al sistema de tracción de un vehículo de movilidad personal. Con el fin de justificar la aportación de este trabajo fin de máster, se realizó una investigación acerca de los avances que se han llevado a cabo en el control de vehículos eléctricos, tanto con técnicas de control difuso como con técnicas de control basadas en redes neuronales. Debido a la dificultad de encontrar una hoja de datos en la que se especificaran todos los parámetros del motor, se realiza un diseño preliminar partiendo de las especificaciones generales del patín analizado. El modelo del sistema de tracción del patín se desarrolla usando la herramienta Matlab-Simulink y los controles que se van a analizar y comparar son los siguientes: control PI (usado como técnica de control de referencia), control fuzzy y control neural. Para los tres controles desarrollados se lleva a cabo un análisis y una comparación de la respuesta dinámica obtenida, en la que se comparan tres datos objetivos como son el tiempo de respuesta, la sobreoscilación y el error de velocidad. <br /

Analytical Optimal Design of a Two-Phase Axial-Gap Transverse Flux Motor

Transverse flux motors (TFMs) are being investigated to be used in vehicle traction applications due to their high torque density. In this paper, a two-phase axial-gap transverse flux motor is designed for an electric scooter, proposing a novel analytical design method. First, the dimensioning equations of the motor are obtained based on the vehicle requirements, and the stationary dq model is calculated. Then, the motor is optimized using a multiobjective genetic algorithm, and finally a 3D-FEM verification is made. Both the motor structure and the design method aim to have a low complexity, in order to favor the sizing and manufacturing processes through a low computation time and simple core shapes. This approach has not yet been explored in axial-gap TFMs

Prototype of a Two-Phase Axial-Gap Transverse Flux Generator Based on Reused Components and 3D Printing

This paper presents a prototype of a low-cost two-phase axial-gap transverse flux generator, in which the magnetic and electric circuits have been made of reused materials, and the stator housing has been manufactured by 3D printing of plastic. Therefore, this work presents as a novelty the combination of the novel transverse flux topology and two challenging trends in electrical machines manufacturing, such as reusing of components and additive manufacturing. Axial-gap transverse flux machines potentially enable the combination of two of the main advantages of axial flux machines and transverse flux machines, i.e., short axial length and a high number of poles. The two-phase arrangement with shared air gap is of great interest in order to reduce further the axial length while avoiding the use of magnetic materials in the rotor, such as iron or soft magnetic composites. However, the equivalent air gap might be large, with significant leakage and fringing effects as the magnetic flux closes through the air. Therefore, in this paper the accuracy of the analytical equations and the magnetic equivalent circuit is firstly investigated. The two-phase axial-gap transverse flux machine is prone to misalignment between phases and rotor imbalances that alter the air gap length, so these effects have been included in the simulations with the finite element method. Experimental tests have been conducted throughout the investigation, from the prototype characterization to the steady-state operation, both with no load and with resistive loads

Prototype of a Two-Phase Axial-Gap Transverse Flux Generator Based on Reused Components and 3D Printing

This paper presents a prototype of a low-cost two-phase axial-gap transverse flux generator, in which the magnetic and electric circuits have been made of reused materials, and the stator housing has been manufactured by 3D printing of plastic. Therefore, this work presents as a novelty the combination of the novel transverse flux topology and two challenging trends in electrical machines manufacturing, such as reusing of components and additive manufacturing. Axial-gap transverse flux machines potentially enable the combination of two of the main advantages of axial flux machines and transverse flux machines, i.e., short axial length and a high number of poles. The two-phase arrangement with shared air gap is of great interest in order to reduce further the axial length while avoiding the use of magnetic materials in the rotor, such as iron or soft magnetic composites. However, the equivalent air gap might be large, with significant leakage and fringing effects as the magnetic flux closes through the air. Therefore, in this paper the accuracy of the analytical equations and the magnetic equivalent circuit is firstly investigated. The two-phase axial-gap transverse flux machine is prone to misalignment between phases and rotor imbalances that alter the air gap length, so these effects have been included in the simulations with the finite element method. Experimental tests have been conducted throughout the investigation, from the prototype characterization to the steady-state operation, both with no load and with resistive loads