Lalat Pengorok Daun, Liriomyza SP. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Hama Baru pada Tanaman Kedelai di Indonesia

Lalat pengorok daun (Liriomyza sp.) ditemukan menginfestasi tanaman kedelai pada tahun 2007. Larva lalat pengorok daun merusak daun kedelai dengan membuat liang korokan beralur warna putih Bening pada bagian mesofil daun dan berpotensi menurunkan hasil hingga 20%. Selain pada kedelai, gejala serangan yang sama juga ditemukan pada kacang hijau, kacang tunggak, kacang panjang, komak, kacang adzuki, buncis, dan 42 jenistanaman lainnya termasuk gulma. Empat spesies lalat pengorok daun yang diketahui menginfestasi tanaman kedelai adalah L. sativae, L. trifolii, L. huidobrensis, dan L. bryoniae. Pengendalian kimia dapat menimbulkan masalah karena lalat memiliki kemampuan genetik yang tinggi untuk menjadi tahan terhadap insektisida kimia.Pada habitat aslinya (subtropis), Liriomyza sp. tergolong serangga berstrategi-r, yaitu memiliki kemampuan reproduksi tinggi, cepat mengkoloni habitat, dan kisaran inangnya luas. Habitat tropis dengan ketersediaan tanaman inang sepanjang tahun dan penggunaan insektisida kimia yang kurang bijaksana memungkinkan lalat pengorok daunmenjadi hama penting pada kedelai. Pada habitat alaminya, populasi lalat pengorok daun rendah akibat pengendalian alami oleh parasitoid dan predator, salah satunya adalah parasitoid Hemiptarsenus varicornis. Oleh karena itu, perlu disiapkan teknologi pengendalian yang lebih memberdayakan peran musuh alami daripada insektisida kimia.Makalah ini menelaah gejala dan akibat serangan lalat pengorok daun, spesies dan biologi, tanaman inang, musuh alami, pemantauan, dan rekomendasi pengendaliannya

The Continual Forming and Contribution of Infective Juveniles Produced Via Endotokia Matricida of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Family of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae

The non-feeding developmentally arrested infective juveniles (IJs) of entomopathogenic nematodes in the family of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae seek out a susceptible insect host and initiate infections. The aim of the research was to examine the continualforming and contribution of IJs produced via endotokia matricida (IJs-EM) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. carpocapsae. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Nematology of the Saga University, Japan (April 2001-April2002) and the Laboratory of Nematology of the Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute (June 2003-October 2004). The nematode progenies were investigated using the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, pre-inoculated with 50 IJs at 25°C.Results showed that three reproductive adult generations were observed at day 18th. There were 135,000, 128,000 and 133,000 IJs per insect cadaver produced in H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri and S. carpocapsae, respectively. Endotokia matricida contributed a higher number of IJs than that of a normal mode of IJs production. The ratios are 81%, 28% and 64% for H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri, and S. carpocapsae of the IJs total production, respectively. Among the generations, the highest contribution of IJs was come from thethird adult generation bearing endotokia matricida, i.e., 63%, 24% and 51% for the three nematode species. Although the IJs-EM were more transparent compared to the normal IJs, they were morphologically similar. The results show that endotokia matricida has a pivotal role in a species maintenance and survival strategy of entomopathogenic nematodes in extreme environmental conditions

Pengembangan Kedelai di Papua : Potensi Lahan, Strategi Pengembangan dan Dukungan Kebijakan

Soybean is one of startegies and important food crops in Indonesia. Soybean products are used for human consumption, animal feed, and a variety of non-food consumer and industrial products. They are considered a complete source of plant base protein because all of the essential amino acids are supplied. Soybean can be grown in a wide variety of soil and climate. More than 60% of Indonesia's soybean consumption still needs to be imported from a broad in case of Papua, about 25% soybean demands is originated from Java island. To meet the needs that important to enhance domestic soybean production. There foreadditional plantations will have to be develop outside Java island such as Papua. Papua hasmany assets favouring soybean growing. Notable among these are significan 2,75 million ha land area. A highly favorable climate with abundant rainfall, farmers with ample know-how, availability high yielding varieties, existing market potential and a satisfactory economic and government institutional support. In the utilization of land farmer's need to get coaching and accompanied by an intensively both in land preparation, cultivating maintenance harvesting and post-harvesting by agricultural extension by implementing a specific technology innovation particularly good or sertified seeds of high yielding adapted soybean variety. In line with those, the strategy priorties are development of a seed sector, rehabilitation of all the site previously developed for food crops growing areas, agricultural advice, mechanization at production and technology transfer, support for processing and marketing local price

Characterization of Potential Local Gembili (Dioscorea Esculenta L) From Papua as Alternative of Staple Food

Papua has very diverse genetic resources such as “gembili”. Gembili has a high spiritual and cultural value especially in Kanum tribe in Merauke. The purpose of this activity was to characterize and conserve the local gembili from Papua to provide basic information for breeding purposes. Another objective was to identify the potency of gembili as a staple food alternative for substituting the rice. Characterization was performed on eight accessions of local gembili from Papua which were explored from Merauke and Jayapura. The twenty eights characters of leaves, stems, and tubers were observed on eight accessions from Merauke and Jayapura Regency. Based on this activity there was no difference in the appearance of seven character leaves of thirteen characters observed. The appearances of gembili stems on all the observed characters were generally the same. Furthermore, theappearance of tubers on ten characters showed different results. Seven accessions had the shapes of oval tubers while Orofe accession had oblong circular shape. The outer skin color of the tubers in general was brown, while the colors of the epidermis and tuber meat were varied, i.e. white (white, white-yellow, white-purple) and purple (violet, purple, red-purple). Yara Hasai accession had the highest number and weight of tubers compared to other accessions. The carbohydrates in gembili almost the same or morewith carbohydrates found in rice, which is 22.5–31.3%. In other words, gembili had potential as a staple food substitute for rice because of its nutritional contents

Penyakit Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus pada Kedelai dan Strategi Pengendaliannya

Cowpea mild mottle virus (CMMV) merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman kedelai. Virus tersebut dilaporkan telah tersebar luas di sentra produksi kedelai di Jawa, Sumatera, dan Lombok. CMMV termasuk dalam kelompok Carnation Latent virus (Carla-virus), dapat ditularkan secara mekanik, oleh vektor kutu kebul, Bemisia tabaci Genn. secara non-persisten, tetapi tidak ditularkan melalui biji kedelai. Selain kedelai, CMMV dapat menginfeksi kacang tunggak, tomat, kacang tanah, dan buncis, serta beberapa jenis gulma dari famili chenopodiaceae, leguminosae, dan solanaceae. Kehilangan hasil kedelai akibat infeksi CMMV berkisar 14,6–81,5%, tergantung varietas dan umur tanaman pada saat terinfeksi. Tanaman muda lebih rentan terhadap infeksi dibanding tanaman tua. Pada umumnya intensitas serangan CMMV pada pertanaman kedelai musim kemarau II meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya populasi hama kutu kebul di lapangan. Pola perkembangan epidemi penyakit CMMV di lapangan mengikuti pola bunga majemuk. Pengendalian CMMV dapat dilakukan secara terpadu dengan menggunakan varietas tahan atau toleran, pengaturan waktu tanam, rotasi tanam, eradikasi tanaman sakit, dan sanitasi lingkungan serta pengendalian vektor dengan pestisida