Vaping industry-funded academic scholarships

While the benefits versus the risks of increased e-cigarette use among adults remains unsettled, the fact that 21% of high school students in 2018 have used e-cigarettes in the last month is concerning to almost all policymakers and clinicians. A recent e-cigarette marketing technique involves the promotion of scholarships for students. Given the novelty of these promotions, we undertook an analysis to understand how widespread this practice is in the USA, along with characteristics of such scholarships

Systematic Study on the Fluid Dynamical Behaviour of Streamwise and Laterally Inclined Jets in Crossflow

ABSTRACT The design of discrete film cooling holes for gas turbine airfoil applications is governed by a number of parameters influencing both their aerodynamic and thermal behaviour. This numerical and experimental study focuses on the marked differences between film cooling holes with combined streamwise and lateral inclination and film cooling holes with streamwise inclination only. The variation in the blowing angle was chosen on a newly dermed and physically motivated basis. High resolution low speed experiments on a large scale turbine airfoil gave insights particularly into the intensified mixing process with lateral ejection. The extensive computational study is performed with the aid of a 3D blockstructured Navier-Stokes solver incorporating a low-Reynolds-number k-e turbulence model. Special attention is paid to mesh generation as a precondition for accurate highresolution results. The downstream temperature fields of the jets show reduced spanwise variations with increasing lateral blowing angle; these variations are quantified for a comprehensive variety of configurations in terms of adiabatic film cooling effectiveness

The stress-responsive kinase DYRK2 activates heat shock factor 1 promoting resistance to proteotoxic stress

To survive proteotoxic stress, cancer cells activate the proteotoxic-stress response pathway, which is controlled by the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). This pathway supports cancer initiation, cancer progression and chemoresistance and thus is an attractive therapeutic target. As developing inhibitors against transcriptional regulators, such as HSF1 is challenging, the identification and targeting of upstream regulators of HSF1 present a tractable alternative strategy. Here we demonstrate that in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, the dual specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2) phosphorylates HSF1, promoting its nuclear stability and transcriptional activity. DYRK2 depletion reduces HSF1 activity and sensitises TNBC cells to proteotoxic stress. Importantly, in tumours from TNBC patients, DYRK2 levels positively correlate with active HSF1 and associates with poor prognosis, suggesting that DYRK2 could be promoting TNBC. These findings identify DYRK2 as a key modulator of the HSF1 transcriptional programme and a potential therapeutic target

The disruption of proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases

Cells count on surveillance systems to monitor and protect the cellular proteome which, besides being highly heterogeneous, is constantly being challenged by intrinsic and environmental factors. In this context, the proteostasis network (PN) is essential to achieve a stable and functional proteome. Disruption of the PN is associated with aging and can lead to and/or potentiate the occurrence of many neurodegenerative diseases (ND). This not only emphasizes the importance of the PN in health span and aging but also how its modulation can be a potential target for intervention and treatment of human diseases.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The role of Ti addition on the evolution and stability of γ/γ′ microstructure in a Co–30Ni–10Al–5Mo–2Ta alloy

The paper explores the influence of Ti addition to the Ta stabilized γ/γ′ two-phase Co-based superalloys having the compositions of Co-30Ni-10Al-5Mo-2Ta-xTi (x = 0, 1, 2 and 4 at.). The microstructure of the alloys after solutionizing (1300 °C for 25 h) and quenching show fine distribution of γ′ precipitates with spherical shape within the γ matrix. Aging of these alloys at 900 °C results in a morphological transition from spheroidal to cuboidal with a concomitant increase in γ/γ′ lattice misfit as compared to the solutionized alloys. However, the γ/γ′ lattice misfit of cuboidal particles decreases with an increase in Ti in the alloys. Atomic-scale compositional analysis by atom probe tomography across γ/γ′ interface for the aged alloys indicates a preferential partitioning of Ti to the γ′. This can be correlated with the observed increase in the γ′ solvus temperature up to 1166 °C for alloys with 4 at. Ti addition. The increase in Ti content also decreases the partitioning of Mo to the γ′. Despite the rise in solvus temperature, the coarsening study reveals an escalation in the γ′ coarsening rate at 900 and 950 °C with a maximum for the alloy containing the highest Ti content. The initial stages of γ′ coarsening follow diffusion-controlled LSW kinetics. However, during later stages, a propensity for particle coalescence could be observed. An addition of 3 and 4 at. Ti is shown to improve the high-temperature strength with 0.2 proof stress at 1000 °C of 360 and 400 MPa, respectively. © 2021 Acta Materialia Inc

On the effect of W addition on microstructural evolution and gamma' precipitate coarsening in a Co–30Ni–10Al–5Mo–2Ta–2Ti alloy

The effect of replacement of molybdenum with small amount of tungsten on the stability of cobalt based super-alloys of Co-Ni-Mo-Al-Ta-Ti class has been presented. A small addition of tungsten (W) in Co-30Ni-(5-x)Mo-10Al-2Ta-2Ti-2W alloys stabilizes the cuboidal morphology of precipitates and increases the gamma' volume fraction. A 2 at% addition of W causes an increase of 60 degrees C in solvus temperature of the base superalloy to reach a value of 1130 degrees C with a slight increase of mass density to 8.79 g/cc. Beside partitioning into gamma', W also shifts the partitioning preference of Mo from the gamma' phase in 0W alloy to that of equal partitioning in both gamma and gamma' phases in 2W alloy. An interfacial confinement of Mo atoms could be observed at the gamma/gamma' interfaces that reduces interface energy leading to enhanced microstructural stability. The experimentally determined temporal evolution of average precipitate size in the 2W alloy at the temperatures of 800, 900 and 950 degrees C suggests a matrix diffusion limited coarsening kinetics. The estimated coarsening rate constant at 900 degrees C follows a quasi-steady state model and is comparable to those observed for W and Re containing Co-based superalloys. The activation energy for gamma' precipitate coarsening is estimated to be 258 +/- 6 kJ/mole, which is comparable to the Mo diffusion in the gamma-Co matrix suggesting Mo diffusion still controls the precipitate coarsening in the 2W alloy