Bio Gas Oil Production from Waste Lard

Besides the second generations bio fuels, one of the most promising products is the bio gas oil, which is a high iso-paraffin containing fuel, which could be produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of different triglycerides. To broaden the feedstock of the bio gas oil the catalytic hydrogenation of waste lard over sulphided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst, and as the second step, the isomerization of the produced normal paraffin rich mixture (intermediate product) over Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst was investigated. It was found that both the hydrogenation and the decarboxylation/decarbonylation oxygen removing reactions took place but their ratio depended on the process parameters (T = 280–380°C, P = 20–80 bar, LHSV = 0.75–3.0 h−1 and H2/lard ratio: 600 Nm3/m3). In case of the isomerization at the favourable process parameters (T = 360–370°C, P = 40 –50 bar, LHSV = 1.0 h−1 and H2/hydrocarbon ratio: 400 Nm3/m3) mainly mono-branching isoparaffins were obtained. The obtained products are excellent Diesel fuel blending components, which are practically free of heteroatoms

Production of bio-isoparaffins by hydroisomerisation of bioparaffins

The importance of biofuels becomes more acute, especially in the European Union. Beside them, those second generation products are spreading increasingly which have better product and performance properties relative to the first generation biofuels. The bio gas oil is a promising product that is a fuel with high isoparaffin content in the gas oil boiling range, which can be produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of different triglycerides. In this paper the isomerisation of an intermediate product with high n-paraffin content was studied on SAPO-11 catalyst at 300–360 °C temperature, 20–40 bar pressure, 1.0–3.0 liquid space velocity and 400 Nm3 /m3 H2 /feed ratio. During the experiments we succeeded to produce an excellent quality diesel gas oil blending component with high i-paraffin content which is practically free of heteroatom content. This product satisfies with some addition all the requirements of the European diesel fuel standard

Expanding feedstock supplies of the second generation bio-fuels of diesel-engines

Nowadays the first generation bio-fuels are already introduced in the European Union and amongst them the one used in Diesel-engines is the triglyceride containing feedstock derived product, the so-called biodiesel. However these fatty-acid-methyl-esters have multiple disadvantages (e.g.: poor oxidation and heat stability, lower energy content than the fossil derived diesel fuels, etc.) because of their chemical structure. Therefore it has become necessary to develop new bio-derived fuels on triglyceride supply, with other chemical structure. These bio-derived fuels are the second generation bio-fuels and amongst them the most promising product is the bio gas oil. The bio gas oil is a mixture of n- and i-paraffins (these are the primal components of the fossil diesel fuels also) in the gas oil boiling point range made from triglyceride containing feedstock. To ensure the eligible quantity and quality of bio gas oils, it is necessary to examine the utilization of other feedstocks with high triglyceride content. The European Union also urges the expanding of the feedstock supplies of the bio-derived motor fuels [COM(2006)34]. During our experimental work we examined the possibilities of the catalytic hydrogenation of mixtures of gas oil and lard or vegetable oil respectively, on NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst. Besides the examination of the reaction parameters (temperature: 360 °C, pressure: 80 bar, LHSV: 1.0 h-1 , H2/feedstock ratio: 600 Nm3/m3) which were found to be congenial for the catalytic conversion of vegetable oils for the conversion of the different, respectively lard or vegetable oil containing (0–10–20–30–50–100%) gas oil feedstocks we investigated the convertibility of the triglyceride part and the effect of the feedstock on the quality and the quantity of the product, furthermore the effect of the triglyceride in the feedstock on the desulphurisation, denitrification and dearomatisation. We determined that in the case of respectively 10% vegetable oil or lard containing feedstocks, the product was already an excellent bio-constituent containing diesel fuel blending component

The investigation of diesel soot emission using instrument combination of multi-wavelength photoacoustic spectroscopy and scanning mobility particle sizer

Abstract The parallel measurements of wavelength dependent optical absorption, particle number size distribution have made by a multi wavelength photoacoustic spectrometer (4λ-PAS) and scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) respectively at different modes of a diesel engine using two different types of fuel. The thermal evolution of the emission was also investigated using posterior temperature treatment of emission. The bimodal size distribution of emitted particles at a set reference temperature has been observed regardless of the applied fuel at idle. However, the emitted particulate assembly had lognormal size distribution falls into the accumulation mode at all other defined engine modes and both fuel types. The total number- and volume concentration (TNC and TVC) showed retrograde tendency with the increasing torque and rpm independently of the applied fuel types. The TNC values decreased up to 50% for both fuels with engine operation changes from idle engine mode(em#1) to low engine mode(em#2). With further increase in torque and rpm of engine, the change in TNC is negligible. On the other hand, the TVC remains more or less the same for idle to low engine mode transition and increased more than 60% for high mode (em#3) transition. The Optical Absorption Coefficient (OAC) values measured at the operational wavelengths of the 4λ-PAS instrument decreased at all wavelengths with increasing rpm and torque. The wavelength dependency quantified by Aerosol Ängström Exponent (AAE) was applied here for qualitative analysis of the carbonaceous emission and showed decreased values towards the higher engine speed and torque output of the engine. The proposed technique can be used as real-time, precise and accurate measurement of light absorption by DPM aerosols, which opens up novel possibilities for the volatility and thermal evolution investigation of diesel emissions