Hydrogen Energy For Indian Transport Sector - A Well-To-Wheel Techno-Economic and Environmental Feasibility Analysis

With the alarming rate of growth in vehicle population and travel demand, the energy consumption has increased significantly contributing to the rise of GHG emissions. Therefore, the development of a viable environmentally benign technology/fuel, which minimises both global and local environmental impacts, is the need of the hour. There are four interconnected reasons for propagating a shift towards alternative fuels/technologies : (i) Energy Supply : world oil reserves are rapidly diminishing, (ii) Environment : local pollution from vehicles is creating an atmosphere that is increasingly damaging public health and environment, (iii) Economic competitiveness : the cost of producing oil and regulating the by-products of oil consumption continues to increase, and (iv) Energy security : the military and political costs of maintaining energy security in international markets are becoming untenable. Hydrogen energy has been demonstrated as a viable alternative automotive fuel in three technological modes : internal combustion engines connected mechanically to conventional vehicles; fuel cells that produce electricity to power electric vehicles; and hybrids that involve combinations of engines or fuel cells with electrical storage systems, such as batteries The present study provides a well-to-wheel analysis of the economic and environmental implications of technologies to deliver the hydrogen energy to the vehicles. The main objectives of the study are : (i) prioritization of technologies of hydrogen production, transportation, storage and refueling, (ii) economic analysis of prioritized technology alternatives to estimate the delivered cost of hydrogen at the end-use point, and (iii) estimating the environmental impacts. To achieve the desired objectives, various quantitative life-cycle-cost analyses have been carried out for numerous pathways (i.e. technologies and processes) for hydrogen production, storage, transportation/distribution and dispensing. The total cost implications are arrived at by combining the costs of hydrogen (at end-use point) and the estimated demand for hydrogen for transport. The environmental benefits (potential to abate GHG emissions) of alternative hydrogen energy technology pathways have been worked out by using the standard emission factors. Finally, the GHG emission levels of hydrogen supply pathways are compared with those of diesel and petrol pathways. The application of this systematic methodology will simulate a realistic decision-making process.Hydrogen Energy, Indian Transport Sector, Feasibility Analysis

Commercialisation of Sustainable Energy Technologies

Commercialization efforts to diffuse sustainable energy technologies (SETs) need to be sustainable in terms of replication, spread and longevity, and should promote goal of sustainable development. Limited success of diffusion through government driven pathways illustrates the need for market-based approaches to SET commercialization. This paper presents a detailed treatment of the pre-requisites for adopting a private sector driven business model approach for successful diffusion of SETs. This is expected to integrate the processes of market transformation and entrepreneurship development with innovative regulatory, marketing, financing, incentive and intermediary mechanisms. Further, it envisages a public-private partnership driven-mechanism as a framework for diffusion leading to technology commercialization.Commercialisation, Energy, Financing, technology, Sustainable

Technology portfolio analysis for residential lighting

Electricity consumption in India is increasing rapidly over the years. The increased demand for electricity forces the electricity utilities to increase their generating capacity. The huge investments on generation, transmission and distribution (at the cost of alternative development projects) adversely affect India's scarce capital resources. Also, internal energy resources like coal are utilised with a great risk to the environment. This paper attempts to show analytically the benefits of shift in the focus from supply augmentation to demand management through a case study of replacement of inefficient devices with efficient ones for residential lighting. This is being done by analyzing the economics of various alternatives and developing an optimal portfolio for meeting the lighting requirement of a typical household in Maharashtra State in India. A mixed integer-programming model has been used for developing the optimal portfolio and a comparison of annual returns is made. Finally, the results for the typical household have been extended to the state of Maharashtra and the cost and benefits are estimated. The results show that the optimal lighting portfolio provides a far higher return at a lower risk compared to other investment alternatives like the stock market while providing substantial savings both in terms of energy and peak demand.Demand management, electricity consumption, energy resources, mixed integer-programming model, rate of return

Technology portfolio analysis for residential lighting

electricity forces the electricity utilities to increase their generating capacity. The huge investments on generation, transmission and distribution (at the cost of alternative development projects) adversely affect India's scarce capital resources. Also, internal energy resources like coal are utilised with a great risk to the environment. This paper attempts to show analytically the benefits of shift in the focus from supply augmentation to demand management through a case study of replacement of inefficient devices with efficient ones for residential lighting. This is being done by analyzing the economics of various alternatives and developing an optimal portfolio for meeting the lighting requirement of a typical household in Maharashtra State in India. A mixed integer-programming model has been used for developing the optimal portfolio and a comparison of annual returns is made. Finally, the results for the typical household have been extended to the state of Maharashtra and the cost and benefits are estimated. The results show that the optimal lighting portfolio provides a far higher return at a lower risk compared to other investment alternatives like the stock market while providing substantial savings both in terms of energy and peak demand.Demand management, electricity consumption, energy resources, mixed integer-programming model, rate of return

Hydrogen energy for Indian transport sector: A Well-to-wheel techno-economic and environmental feasibility analysis

With the alarming rate of growth in vehicle population and travel demand, the energy consumption has increased significantly contributing to the rise of GHG emissions. Therefore, the development of a viable environmentally benign technology/fuel, which minimises both global and local environmental impacts, is the need of the hour. There are four interconnected reasons for propagating a shift towards alternative fuels/technologies: (i) Energy Supply: world oil reserves are rapidly diminishing, (ii) Environment: local pollution from vehicles is creating an atmosphere that is increasingly damaging public health and environment, (iii) Economic competitiveness: the cost of producing oil and regulating the by-products of oil consumption continues to increase, and (iv) Energy security: the military and political costs of maintaining energy security in international markets are becoming untenable. Hydrogen energy has been demonstrated as a viable alternative automotive fuel in three technological modes: internal combustion engines connected mechanically to conventional vehicles; fuel cells that produce electricity to power electric vehicles; and hybrids that involve combinations of engines or fuel cells with electrical storage systems, such as batteries The present study provides a well-to-wheel analysis of the economic and environmental implications of technologies to deliver the hydrogen energy to the vehicles. The main objectives of the study are: (i) prioritization of technologies of hydrogen production, transportation, storage and refueling, (ii) economic analysis of prioritized technology alternatives to estimate the delivered cost of hydrogen at the end-use point, and (iii) estimating the environmental impacts. To achieve the desired objectives, various quantitative life-cycle-cost analyses have been carried out for numerous pathways (i.e. technologies and processes) for hydrogen production, storage, transportation/distribution and dispensing. The total cost implications are arrived at by combining the costs of hydrogen (at end-use point) and the estimated demand for hydrogen for transport. The environmental benefits (potential to abate GHG emissions) of alternative hydrogen energy technology pathways have been worked out by using the standard emission factors. Finally, the GHG emission levels of hydrogen supply pathways are compared with those of diesel and petrol pathways. The application of this systematic methodology will simulate a realistic decision-making process.

An Entrepreneurship Model for Energy Empowerment of Indian Households - Economic and Policy Analysis

Provision of modern energy services for cooking (gaseous fuels) and lighting (electricity) is an essential component of any policy aiming to address health, education or welfare issues; yet it gets little attention from policymakers. Secure, adequate, low-cost energy of quality and convenience is core to the delivery of these services. The present study analyses the energy consumption pattern of Indian domestic sector and conceptualizes availability, accessibility, and affordability indicators of modern energy services to households and describes the practical ways of evaluating them. A comprehensive analysis is done to estimate the cost for providing modern energy services to everyone by 2030. A publicprivate partnership-driven business model, with entrepreneurship at the core, is developed with innovative institutional, financing and pricing mechanisms for diffusion of energy services. This approach facilitates largescale dissemination of energy efficient and renewable technologies like smallscale biogas/biofuel plants, and solar water heating systems to provide clean, safe, reliable and sustainable energy to rural households and urban poor. It is expected to integrate the processes of market transformation and entrepreneurship development involving government, NGOs, financial institutions and community groups as stakeholders.Energy Service, Electricity, Biogas, Availability, Accessibility, Affordability

A decentralized consensus application using blockchain ecosystem

The consensus is a critical operation of any decision-making process. It involves a set of eligible members; whose decision need to be honored by taking their acknowledgment before making any decision. The traditional consensus process follows centralized architecture, the members need to rely on and trust this architecture. The proposed system aims to develop a secure decentralized consensus application in the untrusted environment by making use of blockchain technology along with smart contract and interplanetary file system (IPFS)

Astrophysical molecule CN : vibronic transition probability parameters

Abstract. Astrophysical applications are broadened by the emerging consensus on the vibration-electronic (vibronic) transition probability parameters such as Franck -Condon (FC) factors & r -centroids of some molecular species like CN , which could be useful in the identification of molecular lines and in the estimation of relative abundance of the species in various celestial bodies especially in the interstellar medium. Such important parameters, that is FC factors and r -centroids, have been computed by a reliable numerical integration procedure for the bands of E i systems of astrophysical molecule CN , using a suitable potential. For E − X system, the improved values of FC factors from the revised molecular constants are given along with the already reported values

Influence of regular exercise on cardiac autonomic activity in. healthy young women during the normal menstrual cycle

ABSTRACT Regular physical exercise leads to considerable changes demonstrated in the increase of health related fitness. Heart rate variability is a measure of autonomic nervous system function. Gonadotropin hormones affect autonomic nervous system function. Regular exercise is thought to modulate the sympathovagal control of the heart leading to an enhancement of the vegetative control of the heart. The present study aims to describe the heart rate variability and assesses its association with regular exercise and menstrual cycle in healthy young women in frequency domain method in different phases of menstrual cycle. A total of 54 female students were selected. The selected students were divided into two groups namely Group I consisted of subjects doing regular physical exercise for 30 minute each day and Group II consisted of individuals who were non exercisers the ECG recording were taken during the 3 phases of menstrual cycle. The analog ECG signal were conveyed through an A/D converter to PC and were analyzed .The frequency domain analysis was done in which the LF, HF and LF/HF components were studied. Results showed that a significant increase in the LF/HF ratio in the luteal phase of menstrual cycle in the non exercisers group when compared to other phases of the menstrual cycle (P<0.001) . Regular exercisers had more parasympathetic activity than non exercisers. Detection of sympatho vagal inbalance at an early age based on regular exercising with necessary life style modification could decrease the incidence of cardiovascular diseases as age advances

A Single Phase Multistring Multi level Inverter Topology for Distributed Energy Resources using Space Vector Modulation

Abstract-The objective of this paper is to study a seven level multi string inverter topology for DERs based DC/AC conversion system using SVM. In the micro grid system, the distributed energy resources (DER) based single-phase inverter is usually adopted. In order to reduce conversion losses in the system, the key is to save costs and size by removing any kind of transformer as well as reducing the power devices