A Good Time for Gross National Happiness

This essay will examine just some signs of change in economic and social thought in the North-South relations. It does not attempt to offer a comprehensive overview of the creative possibilities for positive change that are now visible on the world stage. The basic premise of this exploration is that we live in a time when the simultaneous flowering of many positive trends is widening the space for the value of Gross National Happiness; both as a literal 'measure' of national well-being in Bhutan and as a metaphor for a worldview, for values that would take humanity closer to the ideal of Right Livelihood

Bipyridinium and Imidazolium Ionic Liquids for Nanomaterials Synthesis: pH Effect, Phase Transfer Behavior, and Protein Extraction

We demonstrate the potential use of 1,1′-<i>bis</i>(2-(cyclo­hexyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)-[4,4′-bipyridin]-1,1′-diium bromide (BP) and 1-ethyl-3-methyl­imidazolium chloride (EMI) ionic liquids (ILs) in in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) without using any external reducing or stabilizing agents. Both ILs produced nearly monodisperse NPs of 4–8 nm which were present in the form of self-assembled states. BP coated NPs formed self-assembled sheets and easily transferred to the organic phase by employing the water insoluble IL as a phase transfer agent. The efficiency of the phase transfer process was related to the extent of aggregation as well as functional groups. Both IL coated NPs were further used to extract the proteins from the complex biological mixtures. EMI coated NPs extracted proteins of large molar masses whereas BP coated NPs were good for the extraction of low molecular mass proteins. This disparity was controlled by the substituted functional groups of ILs. Bulky cyclohexyloxy functional groups of BP did not allow extraction of large molar mass proteins. Such a wide applicability of ILs in nanomaterials synthesis opens several new applications in the field of nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology where IL coated NPs can be used for diverse protein complexation

Reflecting on Resistance: Hindu Women ‘Soldiers’ and the Birth of Female Militancy

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