Sustainable Agricultural Bioindustry Development: Integration of Cassava Cultivation with Beef Cattle Husbandry in North Sulawesi Province

This paper reviews the potential sustainable agricultural bioindustry development based on animal feed and organic fertilizer through an integration between crops cultivation with livestock production. This bio-industrial development could be carried out successfully in Indonesia, including in the region of North Sulawesi Province. Cattle feed bioindustry could be developed from biomass of cassava plantation, such as the cassava leaves, tubers and cassava peelers. Whereas, the solid and liquid organic fertilizers bioindustry could be developed from cattle feces and urine. Agricultural bioindustry can be carried out in all areas of North Sulawesi Province, because almost in every district has beef cattle and cassava plants. The largest cassava production in North Sulawesi Province are in the regencies of Bolaang Mongondow, Sangihe Island and Talaud Island. Whereas the highest population of beef cattle are in the regencies of Bolaang Mongondow, North Bolaang Mongondow, Minahasa, North Minahasa and South Minahasa. Therefore, this type of bioindustry will be well implemented in the three regencies of Bolaang Mongondow, Minahasa and North Minahasa, as there are large cassava plants and with a high livestock population in these three areas. Although numbers of beef cattle population are also higher in some other regencies, but the production of cassava in those areas are still very small

The Prospect of Integrated Rearing Between "Tiktok" (Mule Ducks) with Rice, Fish and Azolla in Dki Jakarta Province

The amount of meat-type ducks consumed by people who live in DKI Jakarta area is approximately 5 .000 heads/day . Most of these ducks are coming from traditional market or duck collecting areas in Tangerang, Karawang and Bekasi . The meat-type ducks sold in those markets are primarily the young male egg-type ducks, culled laying ducks and male/female Muscovy . Some mule ducks, a crossing between Muscovy and common ducks, are also sold in the market, but only in a small proportion of about 5% of the amount of total ducks sold at one time . An outstanding mule duck has been developed through artificial insemination between male Muscovy with female egg-type duck, which is called as Tiktok . This Tiktok has some advantage than the other meat-type duck, including faster growing, higher meat proportion, lower fat in the meat and has a softer meat texture, this makes Tiktok meat better taste than the meat of the egg-type duck . However, the Tiktok consumes a significant amount of feed, therefore it requires a higher cost for its feed . This paper will discuss a model, which may be used to reduce the cost in rearing the Tiktok so that more benefit could be obtained from various commodities under an integrated farming system . The model that is proposed in this paper is an integrated rearing of the Tiktok with rice and fish with utilization of Azolla (Azolla microphylla), a water plant . Key words : Integrated farming, mule ducks, rice, fish, Azoll

Ruminant Nutrition and Production in the Tropics and Subtropics

Livestock Production/Industries,

Animal Welfare Ethics in Research and Testing: Implementation and its Barrier

Animals have an important role in research and testing to improve human and animal health. Animal usage must be balanced between science and ethical values of animal welfare. This paper discusses the role of IACUC, the implications of animal welfare for research, animal ethical clearance and obstacles in the implementation of animal welfare. Institution of Animal Care Use Committee (IACUC) has an important role to ensure that researcher has animal ethical clearance before conducting research and testing. Research and testing using animal should comply with ethical principles: respect, beneficiary and justice; 3Rs principles: Replacement, Reduction, Refinement and 5F/Freedom: freedom from hunger and thirst, heat and discomfort, pain, trauma and disease, fear and stress and expressing behavior naturally. The application of animal ethics clearance in Indonesia in research using animals is compulsary in various institutions, However thera are several barriers in its implementation, Those are: not all research institutions have IACUC, lack of awareness of researchers to apply for animal ethical clearance, reluctant to IACUC requirements, lack of facilities animals that meet animal welfare requirements and lack of competence in animal handling according to animal welfare

Effect of Cow Manure Dosages as Organic Fertilizer on the Productivity of Organic Rice in West Sumatra, Indonesia

This research was conducted on rice paddy area at the Simarasok Village, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, aimed at investigating the effect of dosage of cow dung as organic fertilizer on growth, yield component and production of organic rice. The experiment was arranged using a Complete Randomized Block Design with four treatments and six replications. The treatment was organic fertilizer of cow dung composted using local microbial organisms with four dosage levels, namely: a) 2 tons/ha; b) 4 tons/ha; c) 6 tons/ha; and d) 8 tons/ha. The rice variety used was the Kuriak Kusuik and the observed variables included: leaf color score, plant height, maximum number of tillers, number of productive tillers, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, percentage of empty grain, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield. The result showed that the dosage of organic fertilizer of cow dung had significant effect on leaf color score at 56 days after planting (DAP), number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, and grain yield. In contrast, plant height, maximum number of tillers, panicle length, weight of 1,000 grains, and empty grain were not significantly affected. It was found that there was a positive relationship between the dosages of organic fertilizer of cow dung with the grain yield. The addition of cow dung as the organic fertilizer as much as 1 ton/ha to the soil could cause an increase in the yield of grain by 0.097 ton/ha

Pemberian Berbagai Level Tepung Cangkang Udang Ke Dalam Ransum Anak Puyuh Dalam Masa Pertumbuhan (Umur 1–6 Minggu)

Have conducted a research on the use of shrimp shell powder (TCU) in cattle rations quail, with the aim to determine the level of use that are suitable for quail during growth from age 1 day to 6 weeks. The study was conducted using 200 one-day-old quail tail, with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments tested were of 5 types of rations, including: a) commercial feed without the addition of TCU (R0), b) commercial feed plus 5% TCU (R1), c) commercial feed plus 10% TCU (R2), d) commercial feed plus 15% TCU (R3), and e) of commercial feed plus 20% TCU (R4). Parameters measured and calculated during the observation are included: a) feed intake, b) body weight gain (UN), and c) feed conversion. The results indicate that the addition of TCU into the feed causes a decrease in feed intake and the UN, but improves feed conversion by livestock quail. TCU can be added up to level 10% in animal feed quail, but the best results obtained by giving just as much as 5%

Penggunaan Tepung Limbah Organik Pasar Sebagai Pengganti Dedak Dalam Ransum Ternak Itik Petelur

Organic waste materials such as flour market (TLOP) have the potential to be used as a substitute for rice bran in poultry rations. This study aims to determine the level of efficiency and effectiveness TLOP in the ration on production of laying ducks levels and quality of duck eggs. The experiment was conducted using Completely Randomized Design with four treatment and 38 replicates each. This type of treatment is replacement of rice bran in the ration with TLOP as: a) 0% (P-0), b) 10% (P-10), c) 20% (P-20) and 30% (P-30). Used 160 ducks consisting of 152 females ducks and 8 males were placed in 8 cages and each filled in 20 ducks were 19 females and 1 male ducks. Observations made during three months and the observed parameters are included the percentage of the daily egg production and egg quality. The results showed that the highest daily production of eggs contained in the treatment of P-30 (average 80.5%), but not significantly different (P>0.05) with P-0 (79.1%) and P-20 (77, 1%) but significantly different (P<0.05) with P-10 (75.2%). Observation of the quality of the eggs they did not look real difference, except in the quality Haught Unit (HU) and egg yolk color index. Haught Unit (HU) increase from 87 to 92, while egg yolk color index change from 14** to 14***. Concluded that TLOP can be used as a substitute for bran feed material up to 30% in the rations of laying duck

Effect of Different Accellerators and Inoculums Used in Fermentation on Quality of Dead Chicken Silage Flour as Feed Ingredient for Catfish

This research aimed at investigating the effect using molasses and cornmeal as additives with Lactobacillus sp. and Streptomyces sp. as inoculums during fermentation on the quality of silage flour made from dead chickens. The study was conducted using a completely randomized factorial design, consisting of 2 factors with 5 replications. The materials used were the newly dead chickens which were chopped and mixed thoroughly with all ingredients; then transferred into a 5 liters plastic box for fermentation. Observations were made after 3 weeks fermentation, including: a) physical characteristics, b) microbial contents, and c) nutritional contents. The data were calculated using variance analysis utilizing computer program of SPSS version 21.0. It was found that based on the protein contents the Lactobacillus sp. (19.0%) was better than the Streptomyces sp. (17.8%) if combined with molasses and corn meal as the accelerators. However, the fat contents produced were relatively similar for both of the inoculums (mean of 37.8%). It can be concluded that in order to obtain a best fermented product in terms of the protein and fat content, the dead chicken should be fermented using molasses and cornmeal as the accelerator and Lactobacillus sp. as the inoculum