Hydrogen emissions from the hydrogen value chain-emissions profile and impact to global warming

Future energy systems could rely on hydrogen (H2) to achieve decarbonisation and net-zero goals. In a similar energy landscape to natural gas, H2 emissions occur along the supply chain. It has been studied how current gas infrastructure can support H2, but there is little known about how H2 emissions affect global warming as an indirect greenhouse gas. In this work, we have estimated for the first time the potential emission profiles (g CO2eq/MJ H2,HHV) of H2 supply chains, and found that the emission rates of H2 from H2 supply chains and methane from natural gas supply are comparable, but the impact on global warming is much lower based on current estimates. This study also demonstrates the critical importance of establishing mobile H2 emission monitoring and reducing the uncertainty of short-lived H2 climate forcing so as to clearly address H2 emissions for net-zero strategies

Profile of cytokines, growth factors and chemokines during attacks of FMF

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Correlated Binomial Models and Correlation Structures

We discuss a general method to construct correlated binomial distributions by imposing several consistent relations on the joint probability function. We obtain self-consistency relations for the conditional correlations and conditional probabilities. The beta-binomial distribution is derived by a strong symmetric assumption on the conditional correlations. Our derivation clarifies the 'correlation' structure of the beta-binomial distribution. It is also possible to study the correlation structures of other probability distributions of exchangeable (homogeneous) correlated Bernoulli random variables. We study some distribution functions and discuss their behaviors in terms of their correlation structures.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure

Methane emissions along biomethane and biogas supply chains are underestimated

Although natural gas generates lower CO2 emissions, gas extraction, processing, and distribution all release methane, which has a greater global warming potential than CO2. Biomethane and biogas that use organic wastes as a feedstock have emerged as alternatives to natural gas, with lower carbon and methane emissions. However, the extent to which methane is still emitted at various stages along biogas and biomethane supply chains remains unclear. Here, we adopt a Monte Carlo approach to systematically synthesize the distribution of methane emissions at each key biomethane and biogas supply chain stage using data collected from the existing literature. We show that the top 5% of emitters are responsible for 62% of emissions. Methane emissions could be more than two times of greater than previously estimated, with the digestate handling stage responsible for the majority of methane released. To ensure the climate benefits of biomethane and biogas production, effective methane-mitigation strategies must be designed and deployed at each supply chain stage

Musculoskeletal sonography in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus

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MEFV mutations in systemic JIA

Background: Systemic form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is regarded as an autoinflammatory disease. Certain genetic polymorphisms in genes coding inflammatory proteins have been associated with the disease. On the other hand mutations of the MEFV gene cause a monogenic autoinflammatory disease, Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). In a previous study in adult rheumatoid arthritis 3 out of the 25 British patients who developed secondary amyloidosis had a mutation/polymorphism in the MEFV gene. Aim: To analyse whether mutaions in the MEFV gene had an association with systemic JIA. Patients and methods: MEFV mutations were screened in a total of 32 systemic JIA patients. All had been classified as systemic JIA according to the Durban JIA criteria. None had disease characteristics that met the Tel Hashomer criteria for the diagnosis of FMF. Results: 2 carrier for M694V and two patients who were homozygote for MEFV mutations. Both of these patients were among the most severe patients in the group. One had an excellent response to etanercept whereas the other was resistant to anti-TNF and other conventional treatments and had only a partial response to thalidomide. Although the number of severe mutations were increased in this small group of patients with systemic JIA the difference with the Turkish population did not reach statistical significance, but the disease causing mutation (M694V) was significantly high in the patients with systemic JIA(p = 0.02). Conclusion: However, the severe disease course in the aforementioned patients suggest that MEFV mutations may be a modifying genetic factor in systemic JIA.PubMe

A safe protocol for tuberculin test assessment in a country where BCG vaccination is mandatory

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Assessment of children presenting with rheumatic complaints to a tertiary center in Turkey: differences in an Eastern Mediterranean population

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