Untapped principles of language-teaching

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.No claim is being made here that this principle is original with me, at least not ultimately. The psychological basis for it has been (in another connection) stated by G. Nickel (1972:13): "... da das zuerst Gelernte offensichtlich meistens und besonders stark haftet". ("... since what is learned first obviously sticks most often and especially strongly".). While the principle of teaching the easier before the more difficult is not impugned, the exceptional ought to be presented earlier than what is unexceptional. For it is clear that what we learn äs isolated items in a l ist has a different psychological Status from what we learn äs regularities: It is relatively easy to learn a l i st of exceptional items and then treat the residue, the "elsewhere" cases, by rule; it is difficult (sometimes never totally achieved) to learn a rule and then try to remember not only what the exceptions are but also that they are exempt from the rule. In the latter case, what one learns interferes with what one has learned;1 in the former case, this i s far from being likely

Fashions in English or a standard?

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.Because ofthe inextricably authoritarian sense attached to 'Standardlanguage' in Europe, nonauthoritarian and, äs has proved to be the case, ultimately indefinable uses of 'Standard English' by Anglo-Saxon scholars cause untold confusion among non-Anglo-Saxons. This article discusses anomalies resulting from this confusion, including deleterious effects on the learning of English in Europe and elsewhere. Although the authoritarian attitude can probably never understand the wie of fashion and style in English (despite exact parallels with fashions in other kinds of social behavior), this paper Claims that it is precisely such an attitude that is necessary. Anecdotes and logical arguments are offered in support ofthe writer's thesis. The particularly baneful practice of equating some putative and indefinable formal 'Standard' English and normal English with, respectively, European Standard and diaiect by persons that have specialized in English for years illustrates the cultural gulf that will have to be crossed ifprogress is ever to be made. The article concludes with a list of some of the injunes to knguage-learning and scientific truth that eventuate from laying stress on formal language, which inevitably accompanies stress on a 'Standard

Two True/False Principles of Language Change

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively

Developmental Linguistics

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.For a decade or so, scattered groups of linguists, first in America and now even more so in Europe, have found that so far äs their own interests are concerned, there are insurmountable contradictions with the reigning view of the structuralists, transformationalists, etc., that the proper object of linguistic investigation is the idiolect. They have consequently looked in other directions for a more realistic approach. Among such scholars have been those whose goals require them to compare constructs, sounds, or meanings:sociolinguists,dialectologists,creolists,historical linguists, investigators of child language, foreign-language teachers, language-planners, therapists, and theoreticians of a sort to be discussed below. It is recreant to their goals to adopt models which were invented for idiolectal analysis, for these exclude comparative and temporal (developmental) analysis: Thus, the phoneme is defined äs a relational unit that is not comparable with a superficially similar unit in a different (relational) System, or idiolect.1 In what follows, minilect is used äs a theoretically neutral term for either the static idiolect or the comparative-developmental isolect (cf. BAILEY 1973)

Aflatoxins in Corn (2010)

Aflatoxin is a term generally used to refer to a group of extremely toxic chemicals produced by two molds, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. This publication provides information about aflatoxins in corn

Prospectus, March 26, 1981

PC GRADUATE TRANSFORMS A HOBBY INTO A FLOURISHING BUSINESS THAT HAS BECOME VERY SUCCESSFUL; Woman\u27s Place is always there; Letter to the Editor: Conley doesn\u27t see point; Handicapped Awareness Week next week; Profile Bingo begins April 5 at 3 p.m.; Classifieds; Attention; PATH Presents: The Other Side of the Mountain; WPCD airs \u27Community Health Interests\u27; The old relics: still nice to see; Conley catches up on music during break; Motorcycles are becoming popular \u27second cars\u27; Office careers contest April 25; Arobics may be the perfect thing for you; \u27X-Rays and You\u27 featured; Here come the tornadoes!; Campus Question: Do you think marijuana should be legalized?; \u27Don\u27t ruin your feet,\u27 says Reaoe: Get good running shoes; Learn what you meed to: go to the PC Career Center; Parents learn how to make games; Television Production offered next semester; Cobras look impressive already; Baseball team returns seven lettermen; Technology is everywhere: Even in the cameras; Women\u27s Softball Schedule And Roster; Women\u27s Roster; Park district has volleyball registration; Soccer! Soccer meeting todayhttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1981/1023/thumbnail.jp

Equation of State Measurements in Liquid Deuterium to 70 Gpa

Using intense magnetic pressure, a method was developed to launch flyer plates to velocities in excess of 20 km/s. This technique was used to perform plate-impact, shock wave experiments on cryogenic liquid deuterium (LD{sub 2}) to examine its high-pressure equation of state (EOS). Using an impedance matching method, Hugoniot measurements were obtained in the pressure range of 30-70 GPa. The results of these experiments disagree with previously reported Hugoniot measurements of LD{sub 2} in the pressure range above {approx}40 GPa, but are in good agreement with first principles, ab-initio models for hydrogen and its isotopes

Sedation at sea of entangled North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) to enhance disentanglement

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 5 (2010): e9597, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009597.The objective of this study was to enhance removal of fishing gear from right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) at sea that evade disentanglement boat approaches. Titrated intra muscular injections to achieve sedation were undertaken on two free swimming right whales. Following initial trials with beached whales, a sedation protocol was developed for right whales. Mass was estimated from sighting and necropsy data from comparable right whales. Midazolam (0.01 to 0.025 mg/kg) was first given alone or with meperidine (0.17 to 0.25 mg/kg) either once or four times over two hours to whale #1102 by cantilevered pole syringe. In the last attempt on whale #1102 there appeared to be a mild effect in 20–30 minutes, with duration of less than 2 hours that included exhalation before the blowhole fully cleared the water. Boat avoidance, used as a measure of sedation depth, was not reduced. A second severely entangled animal in 2009, whale #3311, received midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) followed by butorphanol (0.03 mg/kg) an hour later, delivered ballistically. Two months later it was then given midazolam (0.07 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.07 mg/kg) simultaneously. The next day both drugs at 0.1 mg/kg were given as a mixture in two darts 10 minutes apart. The first attempt on whale #3311 showed increased swimming speed and boat avoidance was observed after a further 20 minutes. The second attempt on whale #3311 showed respiration increasing mildly in frequency and decreasing in strength. The third attempt on whale #3311 gave a statistically significant increase in respiratory frequency an hour after injection, with increased swimming speed and marked reduction of boat evasion that enabled decisive cuts to entangling gear. We conclude that butorphanol and midazolam delivered ballistically in appropriate dosages and combinations may have merit in future refractory free swimming entangled right whale cases until other entanglement solutions are developed.This work was funded by Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Technology Innovation Program (WHOI), North Pond Foundation, Sloan and Wick Simmonds, Northeast Consortium, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, Coastwise Consulting, the Atlantic Large Whale Disentanglement Network, and Aquatic Animal Health Program, University of Florida

Range-Wide Declines of Northern Spotted Owl Populations in the Pacific Northwest: A Meta-Analysis

The northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabits older coniferous forests in the Pacific Northwest and has been at the center of forest management issues in this region. The immediate threats to this federally listed species include habitat loss and competition with barred owls (Strix varia), which invaded from eastern North America. We conducted a prospective meta-analysis to assess population trends and factors affecting those trends in northern spotted owls using 26 years of survey and capture-recapture data from 11 study areas across the owls\u27 geographic range to analyze demographic traits, rates of population change, and occupancy parameters for spotted owl territories. We found that northern spotted owl populations experienced significant declines of 6–9% annually on 6 study areas and 2–5% annually on 5 other study areas. Annual declines translated to ≤35% of the populations remaining on 7 study areas since 1995. Barred owl presence on spotted owl territories was the primary factor negatively affecting apparent survival, recruitment, and ultimately, rates of population change. Analysis of spotted and barred owl detections in an occupancy framework corroborated the capture-recapture analyses with barred owl presence increasing territorial extinction and decreasing territorial colonization of spotted owls. While landscape habitat components reduced the effect of barred owls on these rates of decline, they did not reverse the negative trend. Our analyses indicated that northern spotted owl populations potentially face extirpation if the negative effects of barred owls are not ameliorated while maintaining northern spotted owl habitat across their range