Historic Distribution and Abundance of Bison in the Rocky Mountains of the United States

Scant public awareness of the early distribution and abundance of bison (Bison bison) in the Rocky Mountains of the United States inhibits discussion of possible restoration of wild bison. A review of written evidence, largely from 1805-1845, indicates bison were widely distributed in intermountain valleys, with a major regional concentration spanning parts of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. However, several interacting factors caused large spatial and temporal variation in bison abundance. Native American predation was likely a major influence on bison distribution and abundance during and shortly before 1805-1845. The area where bison were observed by early explorers underestimates the area where restoring productive herds of wild bison is possible

The Future of American Bison: Domesticated or Wild? (Oral Presentation & Poster)

I proceed from 3 assumptions: (1) Natural selection is necessary to maintain wild bison (Bison bison). (2) We don’t leave bison to future generations; we leave the bison genome. (3) Wildness is the opposite, in a continuum, from domestication. South of Canada, more than 200,000 bison are being domesticated in about 4500 private, commercial herds. In contrast, there are about 44 conservation herds owned by government agencies, the Nature Conservancy and American Prairie Reserve. In these conservation herds, natural selection is weakened or replaced by synergistic actions of (1) cattle-gene introgression; (2) founder effects; (3) inbreeding; (4) genetic drift; and (5) artificial selection. I review the prevalence of 12 management practices diminishing natural selection in these conservation herds, and promote a broader understanding and appreciation of the needs and values of wildness in American bison

The Future Of American Bison: Domesticated Or Wild?

I proceed from 3 assumptions: (1) Natural selection is necessary to maintain wild bison (Bison bison). (2) We don’t leave bison to future generations; we leave the bison genome. (3) Wildness is the opposite, in a continuum, from domestication. South of Canada, more than 200,000 bison are being domesticated in about 4500 private, commercial herds. In contrast, there are about 44 conservation herds owned by government agencies, the Nature Conservancy and American Prairie Reserve. In these conservation herds, natural selection is weakened or replaced by synergistic actions of (1) cattle-gene introgression; (2) founder effects; (3) inbreeding; (4) genetic drift; and (5) artificial selection. I review the prevalence of 12 management practices diminishing natural selection in these conservation herds, and promote a broader understanding and appreciation of the needs and values of wildness in American bison

Historic Distribution and Abundance of Bison in the Rocky Mountains of the United States

Scant public awareness of the early distribution and abundance of bison (Bison bison) in the Rocky Mountains of the United States inhibits discussion of possible restoration of wild bison. A review of written evidence, largely from 1805-1845, indicates bison were widely distributed in intermountain valleys, with a major regional concentration spanning parts of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming. However, several interacting factors caused large spatial and temporal variation in bison abundance. Native American predation was likely a major influence on bison distribution and abundance during and shortly before 1805-1845. The area where bison were observed by early explorers underestimates the area where restoring productive herds of wild bison is possible

A μ-pyrazolyl terpyridineplatinum(II) dimer

μ-(Pyrazolyl-N:N')-bis[(2,2',2"-terpyridine) platinum(II)] perchlorate acetonitrile solvate, [Pt_2(C_(15)H_(11)N_3)_2 {C_3H_3N_2)](ClO_4)_3.CH_3CN, M_r = 1263.18, orthorhombic, Pnma, ɑ = 18.172 (2), b = 17.950 (3), c = 12.086 (4) Å, V= 3942.3 (15) Å^3, Z = 4, D_x = 2.128 g cm^(-3), λ(Mo Kɑ)= 0.71073 Å, μ = 74.41 cm^(-1), F(000) = 2416, room temperature (297 K), R = 0.0337 for 2510 reflections with F_o^2 > 3σ(F_o^2). A single pyrazolyl unit bridges two Pt centres. The square-planar coordination around each Pt atom is completed by a tridentate terpyridine ligand. The Pt•••Pt separation is 3.432 (1) Å with an inclination of 47.7 (12)º between the two Pt square planes

Blackleg and Malignant Edema

Blackleg and malignant edema in livestock discusses causes and spread of the disease, clinical signs, diagnosis, control, and treatment

Design and characterization of a research electrohydraulic lithotripter patterned after the Dornier HM3

An electrohydraulic lithotripter has been designed that mimics the behavior of the Dornier HM3 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter. The key mechanical and electrical properties of a clinical HM3 were measured and a design implemented to replicate these parameters. Three research lithotripters have been constructed on this design and are being used in a multi-institutional, multidisciplinary research program to determine the physical mechanisms of stone fragmentation and tissue damage in shock wave lithotripsy. The acoustic fields of the three research lithotripters and of two clinical Dornier HM3 lithotripters were measured with a PVDF membrane hydrophone. The peak positive pressure, peak negative pressure, pulse duration, and shock rise time of the focal waveforms were compared. Peak positive pressures varied from 25 MPa at a voltage setting of 12 kV to 40 MPa at 24 kV. The magnitude of the peak negative pressure varied from -7 to -12 MPa over the same voltage range. The spatial variations of the peak positive pressure and peak negative pressure were also compared. The focal region, as defined by the full width half maximum of the peak positive pressure, was 60 mm long in the axial direction and 10 mm wide in the lateral direction. The performance of the research lithotripters was found to be consistent at clinical firing rates (up to 3 Hz). The results indicated that pressure fields in the research lithotripters are equivalent to those generated by a clinical HM3 lithotripter

A Monodentate 1,3-Diphenyl-2-triazeno Terpyridineplatinum(II) Complex

The compound (l,3-diphenyl-2-triazeno )(2,2',2"- terpyridine)platinum(II) perchlorate dimethylformamide solvate (1) is formed by reaction of dpt (dptH = 1,3-diphenyltriazene) and [Pt(tpy)Cl]Cl (tpy = terpyridine) in the presence of excess base (NEt3). There are two independent cations in the asymmetric unit. The platinum centers have a monodentate triazeno ligand with the remaining coordination sites occupied by the terpyridine group. The crystal packing is dominated by π-π stacking interactions, and metal-metal interactions are conspicuously absent

Spectroscopic and structural properties of binuclear platinum-terpyridine complexes

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