Left-symmetric Algebras From Linear Functions

In this paper, some left-symmetric algebras are constructed from linear functions. They include a kind of simple left-symmetric algebras and some examples appearing in mathematical physics. Their complete classification is also given, which shows that they can be regarded as generalization of certain 2-dimensional left-symmetric algebras.Comment: 16 pages, accepted for publication in Journal of Algebr

Pre-alternative algebras and pre-alternative bialgebras

We introduce a notion of pre-alternative algebra which may be seen as an alternative algebra whose product can be decomposed into two pieces which are compatible in a certain way. It is also the "alternative" analogue of a dendriform dialgebra or a pre-Lie algebra. The left and right multiplication operators of a pre-alternative algebra give a bimodule structure of the associated alternative algebra. There exists a (coboundary) bialgebra theory for pre-alternative algebras, namely, pre-alternative bialgebras, which exhibits all the familiar properties of the famous Lie bialgebra theory. In particular, a pre-alternative bialgebra is equivalent to a phase space of an alternative algebra and our study leads to what we called $PA$-equations in a pre-alternative algebra, which are analogues of the classical Yang-Baxter equation.Comment: 34 page

Double constructions of Frobenius algebras, Connes cocycles and their duality

We construct an associative algebra with a decomposition into the direct sum of the underlying vector spaces of another associative algebra and its dual space such that both of them are subalgebras and the natural symmetric bilinear form is invariant or the natural antisymmetric bilinear form is a Connes cocycle. The former is called a double construction of Frobenius algebra and the latter is called a double construction of Connes cocycle which is interpreted in terms of dendriform algebras. Both of them are equivalent to a kind of bialgebras, namely, antisymmetric infinitesimal bialgebras and dendriform D-bialgebras respectively. In the coboundary cases, our study leads to what we call associative Yang-Baxter equation in an associative algebra and $D$-equation in a dendriform algebra respectively, which are analogues of the classical Yang-Baxter equation in a Lie algebra. We show that an antisymmetric solution of associative Yang-Baxter equation corresponds to the antisymmetric part of a certain operator called ${\mathcal O}$-operator which gives a double construction of Frobenius algebra, whereas a symmetric solution of $D$-equation corresponds to the symmetric part of an ${\mathcal O}$-operator which gives a double construction of Connes cocycle. By comparing antisymmetric infinitesimal bialgebras and dendriform D-bialgebras, we observe that there is a clear analogy between them. Due to the correspondences between certain symmetries and antisymmetries appearing in the analogy, we regard it as a kind of duality.Comment: 50 pages, 2 tables; Some straightforward proofs are omitted, some terminologies and references are change