Mixing sweet cream buttermilk with whole milk to produce cream cheese

peer-reviewedButtermilk is an important by-product of the manufacture of butter. Sweet-cream buttermilk (SCBM) is similar in composition to skim milk, except for its high phospholipid and milk fat globular membrane protein content. The main objective of this investigation was to produce optimum quality cream cheese by replacing whole milk with different proportions of SCBM (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50%). Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the chemical and organoleptic properties of the samples. As the percentage of SCBM increased, the chemical composition of total solids, fat, protein, fat in dry matter (FDM) and ash of cheese milk decreased significantly, leading to a softer, moister curd. Samples prepared with more than 25% SCBM were not acceptable to the taste panel. The cream cheeses prepared using 25% and 30% SCBM had the highest yields. Total solids and FDM were strong predictors of cheese yield (r2 ≈ 0.589). The results also showed that the best range for replacement using SCBM is 20–25%

TEAM WORK COMPETENCE IN DISASTER RESPONSE: A QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF EMERGENCY NURSES EXPERIENCES

Background and aim: Statistics show high prevalence of disasters across the world and Iran. Since nurses are one of the most important members in the disaster team and they have unique role as a professional and volunteer in time of responding to disaster, they should be able to participate within a team framework and have necessary competences for teamwork in a disaster. This paper reported the results of a qualitative study on the teamwork competences needed by nurses for effective teamwork in response to crisis. Methods: This is a part of larger qualitative study, performed on nurses’ competences in 2012, in Iran. 35 interviews were conducted with nurses who had experience of presence and providing care in a disaster situation. The sampling of participants was done purposefully and continued until data saturation. The data were collected through in-depth unstructured interviews and analyzed using a conventional content analysis approach. Results: Data analysis of qualitative study revealed work qualification in crisis team that includes two main categories: 1) knowledge of duties and organizational hierarchy and 2) maintenance of unity of command. “Obedience from commander”, “avoidance of doing in parallel”, and “coordination and cooperation with leader, relief forces, and other team members” were of the extracted competences in this study, which were highly important for teamwork in crisis. Conclusions: This article presented the results on the qualifications required by nurses for successful teamwork in phase of response to crisis. The analysis of participants’ viewpoints indicated that the nurses need to be completely familiar with their and other team members’ limitations and duties, to know managerial hierarchy, and to be able to maintain unity of commanding. Therefore, nurses’ in-service training to be prepared for response to crisis should address this dimension, as well

Assessment competencies among emergency nurses for responding in disaster situation with Objective Structured Clinical Examination

Introduction: Nurses are the first people that attend the accident site. Therefore, they must be able to take care of victims and have skill to prevent detrimental effects of disaster. The aim of this study was to determine competencies among Shahrekord emergency nurses responded in disaster situation with Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive study which 25 emergency nurses of educational hospital in Shahrekord were recruited by census statistical methods. Competency of nurses for responding in disaster situation were evaluated by utilizing 8-station objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). In each station "Task Based Checklist" has been used for evaluation. For measuring validity, content validity and for reliability, test re test was used. Data were analyzed by using SPSS/16. Findings: The mean scores of nurses' performance in 8 stations were less than average. In triage station was (3.5±1.6), life support (4.4±1.2), airway management (3.9±1.5), Chest tube insertion (4.9±1.5), naso gastric tube insertion (6.1±2.2), IV therapy (1.9±0.7), IV line insertion (5.4±1.3), suturing (8.6±1.5) urinary catheterization (9.1±1.5). Conclusion: Competencies of nurses in providing care in disaster were undesirable and less than average in all skills. So it is essential for nurses to acquire clinical and special skills to prepare for disaster situation

Team work competence in disaster response: an explorative study about Emergency nurses experiences: A qualitative content analysis study

Background and aims: Since the nurses are as the most important members respondent to team crisis, they must be able to have the necessary qualification and capability in a team frame for group work when they faced with crisis. This study was done to evaluate the capability of nurses when facing with crisis. Methods: In this descriptive analytical study, 35 nurses who had the experiences of presence and providing care in a disaster situation were enrolled by purposefully sampling. The data were collected through in-depth unstructured interviews and analyzed using a conventional content analysis approach. Results: The results, introduced knowledge of duties and organizational hierarchy and maintenance of unity of command in two category of capability in work for crisis group. “Obedience from commander”, “avoidance of doing in parallel”, and “coordination and cooperation with leader, relief forces, and other team members” were of the extracted competences in this study, which were highly important for teamwork in crisis Conclusion: The analysis of participants’ viewpoints indicates that the nurses need to be completely familiar with their and other team members’ limitations and duties, to know managerial hierarchy, and to be able to maintain unity of commanding. Therefore, nurses’ inservice training to be prepared for response to crisis should address this dimension, as well

Investigation of competencies of nurses in disaster response by utilizing objective structured clinical examination.

BACKGROUND Nurses are members of the health care team for crisis response. Identifying nurses' capability in responding to a disaster and promoting their preparedness will lead to effective use of human resources and decreasing the detrimental effects of disaster. The purpose of this article was to determine emergency nurses' competences in triage, life support, and basic clinical skills in disaster response. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a descriptive study in which 40 emergency nurses were recruited by purposeful sampling. Moreover, their competencies in performing triage, life support, and basic clinical skills were evaluated by utilizing eight-station objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). RESULTS Our findings showed that the mean scores of nurses' performance were: In triage (4.3 ± 1.27), life support (4 ± 1.5), airway management (5.3 ± 1.7), chest tube insertion (7.3 ± 1.8), nasogastric tube insertion (5.6 ± 2.5), IV therapy (2.5 ± 0.8), IV line insertion (6 ± 1.4), suturing (9.1 ± 1.6), and urinary catheterization (10.4 ± 2.2). No statistically significant correlation was found between demographic variables and nurses' performance (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION According to our findings, it can be concluded that competencies of nurses in performing triage, life support, and basic clinical skills were undesirable. Because emergency nurses are members of the emergency medical team, they should be prepared for disaster response via continuous training programs

Pattern mining analysis of pulmonary TB cases in Hamadan province: Using space-time cube

Background and aims: One of the most common approach to understanding spatial and temporal trends of event data is to break it up into a series of time snapshots. Therefore space-time cube method applied in order to portray the likely trend in occurrence of the pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases. Methods: In this study, information of all patients with pulmonary TB recorded in surveillance system of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences from 2005 to 2013 years were studied. After geocoding the residence location address of pulmonary TB cases and converted to point layer, the space-time cube was used to detect likely trends in occurrence of tuberculosis. Then, based on the space-time cube results the Emerging Hot Spot Analysis was run to clustering hot and cold spots. Results: There was significant increasing trend in occurrence of pulmonary TB cases. The statistic trend was 2.1871 and P-value was 0.0287, as well as 36 hot spots locations was detected that have been form approximately in central areas of province. Conclusion: Significantly increasing trend in occurrence of TB cases and existence of hot spot, especially intensifying hot spots in central areas of province can represent pay more attention to this disease in mentioned areas in order to detect the change in epidemiological face and to implement suitable prevention programs

Critical thinking and clinical decision making in nurse‏

BACKGROUND: Today, nurses are exposed to everchanging complicated conditions in health care services, they provide. To be able to cope with these conditions effectively, they should be competent decision makers. Besides, as decision making conditions get more complicated, using critical thinking is a need. The current study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between critical thinking and clinical decision making, in nurses of critical and general care units of hospitals in Isfahan. In addition, it is also aimed to compare the nurses of critical and general units in critical thinking and clinical decision making. METHODS: This is a correlation, descriptive study of cross-sectional type. The participants are 140 nurses; 70 working in critical care unit and 70, working in general units. Sampling method was random stratified sampling and the data was collected using a questionnaire with three sections; containing items on demographic data, clinical decision making and California critical thinking skills test. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was approved using content validity, test-retest method and internal correlation test. The data was analyzed using variance analysis, Pearson correlation and t-test. RESULTS: The mean score of critical thinking and clinical decision making was 10.61, 63.27 and 10.67, 61.66 for nurses of critical care and general units, respectively. No statistical significant difference between two groups was observed in the area of clinical decision making and critical thinking. In addition, no statistical correlation was observed between the clinical decision making and critical thinking. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study demonstrated that the mean score of critical thinking was low in nurses. Probably, it originates from the educational system shortages and also, the professional environment problems. Some experts believe that the reason for lack of correlation between critical thinking and clinical decision making goes back to the absence of appropriate tool to measure the correlatio

Iranian nurses' experience of essential technical competences in disaster response: A qualitative content analysis study.

BACKGROUND Today disasters are a part of many people's lives. Iran has a long history of disaster events and nurses are one of the most significant groups within the Iranian disaster relief operations, providing immediate and long-term care for those affected by the disaster. However, the technical competence of Iranian nurses and their training for this work has received little attention. This article presents the results of a study that aims to explore this context. MATERIALS AND METHODS A qualitative study was conducted using in-depth interviews to collect data from 30 nurses, who were deliberately selected from the health centers affiliated to the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Themes were identified using the conventional qualitative content analysis. The trustworthiness of the study was supported by considering the auditability, neutrality, consistency, and transferability. The study lasted from 2011 to 2012. RESULTS Data analysis undertaken for the qualitative study resulted in the identification of five main themes, which included: (1) Management competences, (2) ethical and legal competences, (3) team working, and (4) personal abilities and the specific technical competences presented in this report. CONCLUSIONS This report presents an overview of the nursing technical capabilities required for Iranian nurses during disaster relief. It is argued that additional competencies are required for nurses who care in high-risk situations, including disasters. Nurses need to prepare themselves more effectively to be responsible and effective in nursing care

Ethical and legal challenges associated with disaster nursing

Background: In disaster situations, nurses may face new and unfamiliar ethical and legal challenges not common in their everyday practice. Research question/objectives/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to explore Iranian nurses' experience of disaster response and their perception of the competencies required by nurses in this environment. Research design: This article discusses the findings of a descriptive study conducted in Iran in 2012. Participants and research context: This research was conducted in Iran in 2012. Participants included 35 nurses who had experience in healthcare delivery following a disaster event in the past 10 years, either in a hospital or out-of-hospital context. Ethical considerations: This research study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Findings: From this study, five themes emerged as areas that nurses require competence in to work effectively in the disaster setting. This article focusses on one theme, the ethical and legal issues that arise during disaster response. Within the theme of ethical and legal issues, two sub-themes emerged. (1) Professional ethics explores professional responsibility of nurses as well as sense of ethical obligation. (2) Adherence to law refers to nurses' familiarity with and observation of legal requirements. Discussion: This article adds to a growing pool of literature which explores the role of nurses in disasters. The findings of this study emphasize the need for nurses working in the disaster setting to be aware of professional responsibilities and familiar with legal requirements and the challenges related to observing ethical responsibilities. Conclusion: In highlighting these issues, this article may provide a useful starting point for the development of an educational framework for preparing nurses and other health professionals to work in the disaster setting

Identificando y priorizando los factores que influyen en el Código de Ética del Arbitraje Deportivo de Irán

The purpose of this research was to compile a sports refereeing ethics code in Iran. The method of the present research was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). A total of 15 experts in the field of refereeing ethics in sports were interviewed by the method of snowball sampling. The results obtained from the interview led to a valid and reliable questionnaire that was randomly distributed among the referees and assistant referees of the Iranian premier leagues of team sports (football, volleyball, handball and basketball) and individual sports (taekwondo, karate, wrestling and swimming), with a total sample of 224 people. Analysis and coding were performed using the softwares Max Kyoda, SPSS and Smart PLS. Research findings showed that 8 themes and 61 sub-themes were extracted in this field, which include the components of behavior, corruption, communication, sociocultural aspect, family, respect, legality and justice, in this order of importance. In general, paying attention to the behavioral and corruption aspects plays an important role in improving the ethical status of sports referees in Iran.El propósito de esta investigación fue compilar un código de ética del arbitraje deportivo en Irán. El método de la presente investigación fue mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo). Se entrevistó a un total de 15 expertos en el campo de la ética del arbitraje deportivo mediante el método de muestreo de bola de nieve. Los resultados obtenidos en la entrevista dieron lugar a un cuestionario válido y fiable que se distribuyó aleatoriamente entre los árbitros y árbitros asistentes de las principales ligas iraníes de deportes de equipo (fútbol, ​​voleibol, balonmano y baloncesto) y deportes individuales (taekwondo, kárate, lucha libre y natación), con una muestra total de 224 personas. El análisis y la codificación se realizaron utilizando los softwares Max Kyoda, SPSS y Smart PLS. Los hallazgos de la investigación mostraron que en este campo se extrajeron 8 temas y 61 subtemas, que incluyen los componentes de comportamiento, corrupción, comunicación, aspecto sociocultural, familia, respeto, legalidad y justicia, en este orden de importancia. En general, prestar atención a los aspectos de comportamiento y corrupción juega un papel importante en la mejora del estatus ético de los árbitros deportivos en Irán