Consumption of milk and dairy products and risk of osteoporosis and hip fracture: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

Background: Although some studies have reported the beneficial effects of milk and dairy product consumption on osteoporosis and risk of fracture, the findings are conflicting. Purpose: We summarized earlier data on the association between milk and dairy intake and risk of osteoporosis and hip fracture through a meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic literature search of relevant reports published in PubMed, ISI (Web of Science), EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar until August 2018 was conducted. Results: Total dairy intake was protectively associated with reduced risk of osteoporosis based on cross-sectional and case-control studies (0.63; 95% CI: 0.55–0.73). Milk consumption was not associated with the risk of osteoporosis (overall RR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.57–1.08). In non-linear dose–response meta-analysis, increase intake of dairy (at the level of 0 to 250 grams per day) was associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis (Pnonlinearty = 0.005). Meta-regression of included studies revealed an inverse linear association between dairy and milk intake and risk of osteoporosis; such that every additional 200-gram intake of dairy and milk was associated with a 22% and 37% reduced risk of osteoporosis, respectively. In terms of hip fracture, milk consumption was associated with a 25% reduced risk of hip fracture only in cross-sectional and case-control studies (overall RR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.57–0.99). In linear meta-regression, every additional 200-gram milk intake per day was associated with a 9% greater risk of hip fracture in cohort studies. Conclusion: Despite an inverse association between milk and dairy intake and risk of osteoporosis and hip fracture in cross-sectional and case-control studies, no such association was seen in cohort studies. Given the advantages of the cohort over case-control studies, we concluded that a greater intake of milk and dairy products was not associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis and hip fracture</p

Coffee consumption and caffeine intake in relation to risk of fractures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies

Conflicting reports are available about the association of coffee or caffeine intake and risk of fracture. We performed the current updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of coffee consumption and caffeine intake and risk of fracture to quantify this association. PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus, Cochrane database were searched up to July 2021. Random-effects model or fixed-effects model was used to pool the study-specific effect sizes (ESs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Dose-response relationship was examined using linear and non-linear dose–response analyses. The certainty of evidence was assessed using NutriGrade tool. Out of 22 eligible studies included in the meta-analysis, 15 had cohort and 7 had case-control design. We found no significant association between coffee consumption and risk of fracture, either based on pooling cohort (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.12; I2 = 71.4%, Pheterogeneity heterogeneity=0.08). In the subgroup analysis of cohort studies, we observed that higher coffee intake was inversely associated with risk of fracture in men (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76 to 0.94). In addition, a positive association was seen between coffee consumption and risk of fracture in studies with less than 12 years of follow-up (RR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.27). With regard to caffeine intake, a statistically significant positive association was seen with risk of fracture (RR: 1.15; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.23; I2=26.6%, n = 8). In the dose-response analysis, we found that each additional 100 mg caffeine intake was marginally associated with 2% greater risk of fracture (RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1 to 1.05; I2= 70.3%, n = 6). High coffee consumption was protectively associated with risk of fracture in men, while caffeine intake was positive associated with risk.</p

DataSheet1_Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.docx

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an advanced and irreversible degenerative disease of the brain, recognized as the key reason for dementia among elderly people. The disease is related to the reduced level of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain that interferes with memory, learning, emotional, and behavior responses. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission are responsible for the creation and progression of numerous neurochemical and neurological illnesses such as AD.Aim: Herein, focusing on the fact that benzylpyridinium salts mimic the structure of donepezil hydrochlorideas a FDA-approved drug in the treatment of AD, their synthetic approaches and inhibitory activity against cholinesterases (ChEs) were discussed. Also, molecular docking results and structure–activity relationship (SAR) as the most significant concept in drug design and development were considered to introduce potential lead compounds. Key scientific concepts: AChE plays a chief role in the end of nerve impulse transmission at the cholinergic synapses. In this respect, the inhibition of AChE has been recognized as a key factor in the treatment of AD, Parkinson’s disease, senile dementia, myasthenia gravis, and ataxia. A few drugs such as donepezil hydrochloride are prescribed for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction and memory loss caused by AD. Donepezil hydrochloride is a piperidine-containing compound, identified as a well-known member of the second generation of AChE inhibitors. It was established to treat AD when it was assumed that the disease is associated with a central cholinergic loss in the early 1980s. In this review, synthesis and anti-ChE activity of a library of benzylpyridinium salts were reported and discussed based on SAR studies looking for the most potent substituents and moieties, which are responsible for inducing the desired activity even more potent than donepezil. It was found that linking heterocyclic moieties to the benzylpyridinium salts leads to the potent ChE inhibitors. In this respect, this review focused on the recent reports on benzylpyridinium salts and addressed the structural features and SARs to get an in-depth understanding of the potential of this biologically improved scaffold in the drug discovery of AD.</p

Modeling the effect of levothyroxine therapy on bone mass density in postmenopausal women: a different approach leads to new inference-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Modeling the effect of levothyroxine therapy on bone mass density in postmenopausal women: a different approach leads to new inference"</p><p>Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling 2007;4():23-23.</p><p>Published online 9 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1914344.</p><p></p>d with intranasal calcitonin plus calcium (▲), calcium alone (●), or placebo (○). Values are the mean ± SD. P < 0.05 vs. baseline reading. (With permission of Kung AW, Yeung SS. Prevention of bone loss induced by thyroxine suppressive therapy in postmenopausal women: the effect of calcium and calcitonin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:1232-6

Table_1_Exploring the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in gout pathogenesis: a systematic review.DOCX

ObjectivesGut dysbiosis is believed to be one of the several mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of gout. This systematic review aimed to summarize the role of gut dysbiosis in gout disease and uncover the underlying mechanisms.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to October 2021. Animal studies and human observational studies, including case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies assessing the association between gut microbiota composition and gout were included. The quality of included studies has been evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment scale (NOS) and the SYRCLE's risk of bias tool.ResultsInitially, we found 274 studies among which 15 studies were included in this systematic review. Of them, 10 studies were conducted on humans and 5 studies were conducted on animals. Increased abundance of Alistipes and decreased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae alters purine metabolism, thereby aggravating gout condition. Moreover, a higher abundance of Phascolarctobacterium and Bacteroides in gout modulates enzymatic activity in purine metabolism. Butyrate-producing bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, prausnitzii, Oscillibacter, Butyricicoccus, and Bifidobacterium have higher abundance in healthy controls compared to gout patients, suggesting the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-releasing bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae, Prevotella, and Bacteroides, are also involved in the pathogenesis of gout disease by stimulating the innate immune system.ConclusionExploring the role of gut dysbiosis in gout and the underlying mechanisms can help develop microbiota-modulating therapies for gout.</p

Table_1_Microbiome alterations in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their offspring: A systematic review.docx

AimsGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder that might predispose pregnant women to develop type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or lead to severe adverse outcomes in their offspring. One of the factors that have been thought to be involved in the pathology behind this disorder is the microbiome. In this systematic review, we comprehensively review the documents regarding the microbiota alterations in different tracts of pregnant women with GDM and their offspring.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted in major databases including MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of sciences up to August 2021. Data on the demographics, methodology, and microbiome alterations were extracted and classified according to the type of microbiome in pregnant women with GDM and their offspring. The quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).ResultsIn 49 articles which were retrieved, the findings were variable on the level of changes in alpha and beta diversity, enrichment or depletion in phyla, genera, species and OTUs, in each microbiome type. Although there were some inconsistencies among the results, a pattern of significant alterations was seen in the gut, oral, vaginal microbiome of women with GDM and gut, oral, and placental microbiome of their offspring.ConclusionEven though the alteration of the microbiome of the different tracts was seen in the cases of GDM, the inconsistency among the studies prevents us from identifying unique pattern. However, the results seem promising and further studies that overcome the confounding factors related to the demographics and methodology are needed.</p

Age-standardized cancers mortality rate (Per 100,000) in 2001, 2015, 2030.

Age-standardized cancers mortality rate (Per 100,000) in 2001, 2015, 2030.</p

Age-standardized asthma&COPD mortality rate (Per 100,000) in 2001, 2015, 2030.

Age-standardized asthma&COPD mortality rate (Per 100,000) in 2001, 2015, 2030.</p

Image_7_Association Between Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.jpg

BackgroundDebate on the potential carcinogenic effects of meat intake is open and the relationship between meat consumption and risk of prostate cancer remains uncertain. This meta-analysis was conducted to summarize earlier prospective studies on the association of meat consumption with risk of prostate cancer.MethodsRelevant studies were identified by exploring PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases up to December 2020. Fixed-effects and random-effects meta-analyses were used for pooling the relative risks (RRs). Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated using the Q-statistic and I-square (I2). A funnel plot and Egger's test was used to detect publication bias. Linear and non-linear dose-response analyses were performed to estimate the dose-response relations between meat intake and risk of prostate cancer.ResultsTwenty-five prospective studies were included in this meta-analysis. Totally, 1,900,910 participants with 35,326 incident cases of prostate cancer were investigated. Pooling the eligible effect sizes, we observed that high consumption of processed meat might be associated with an increased risk of “total prostate cancer” (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.10; I2 = 1.5%, P = 0.43) and “advanced prostate cancer” (1.17; 1.09, 1.26; I2 = 58.8%, P = 0.01). However, the association between processed meat and “advanced prostate cancer” was not significant in the random-effects model: 1.12 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.29). A linear dose-response analysis indicated that an increment of 50 grams per day of processed meat intake might be related to a 4% greater risk of “total prostate cancer” (1.04; 1.00, 1.08; I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.51). “Total meat intake” was marginally associated with all outcomes of prostate cancer risk (1.04; 1.01, 1.07; I2 = 58.4%, P ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies indicated that increased consumption of “total meat” and “processed meat” might be associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=230824, identifier: CRD42021230824.</p

Image_2_Association Between Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.jpg

BackgroundDebate on the potential carcinogenic effects of meat intake is open and the relationship between meat consumption and risk of prostate cancer remains uncertain. This meta-analysis was conducted to summarize earlier prospective studies on the association of meat consumption with risk of prostate cancer.MethodsRelevant studies were identified by exploring PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases up to December 2020. Fixed-effects and random-effects meta-analyses were used for pooling the relative risks (RRs). Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated using the Q-statistic and I-square (I2). A funnel plot and Egger's test was used to detect publication bias. Linear and non-linear dose-response analyses were performed to estimate the dose-response relations between meat intake and risk of prostate cancer.ResultsTwenty-five prospective studies were included in this meta-analysis. Totally, 1,900,910 participants with 35,326 incident cases of prostate cancer were investigated. Pooling the eligible effect sizes, we observed that high consumption of processed meat might be associated with an increased risk of “total prostate cancer” (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.10; I2 = 1.5%, P = 0.43) and “advanced prostate cancer” (1.17; 1.09, 1.26; I2 = 58.8%, P = 0.01). However, the association between processed meat and “advanced prostate cancer” was not significant in the random-effects model: 1.12 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.29). A linear dose-response analysis indicated that an increment of 50 grams per day of processed meat intake might be related to a 4% greater risk of “total prostate cancer” (1.04; 1.00, 1.08; I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.51). “Total meat intake” was marginally associated with all outcomes of prostate cancer risk (1.04; 1.01, 1.07; I2 = 58.4%, P ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies indicated that increased consumption of “total meat” and “processed meat” might be associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=230824, identifier: CRD42021230824.</p