1,523 research outputs found
Toward Globalization of the Forest Products Industry: Some Trends
This paper examines the hypothesis that changes have been brought about in the forest industry that allow it to participate fully in globalization. The forest industry has undergone profound changes in recent years in large part by new technologies. Whereas traditionally it was primarily an extractive industry that relied on local sources for its basic resource—raw, industrial wood—today, intensively managed planted forests are replacing natural forests as the basic source of the wood resource, and modern biotechnology is being applied to create trees that both grow rapidly and have traits desired in industrial wood. These changes eliminate the traditional ties between forest processing and locations with abundant natural forests. Today, globalization allows investments, capital flows, and emerging technologies to move easily into regions where they are expected to be particularly productive. It also provides for the ready utilization of the human resources of foreign countries. Thus, offshore outsourcing is closely associated with globalization. The easy flow of productive factors results in the production of goods and services based on a mix of in-country and external contributions to production. In forestry, this process takes on an additional dimension in which the basic resource itself, the forest, can be relocated to capitalize on the cost advantages of particular regions. Additional changes have been driven by modern biotechnology, which has dramatically increased the variety of areas where productive forests can be grown, as well as overall forest productivity. We find that there is substantial evidence in this country-level forestry data to support our hypotheses of how globalization has begun to reshape the forest products industry. However, the evidence suggests that the changes have been more prominent in the pulp industry than in the structural wood sector.forests, globalization, forest products, international, comparative advantage, technology
Magnetic-domain-controlled vortex pinning in a superconductor/ferromagnet bilayer
Vortex pinning in a type-II superconducting Pb film covering a Co/Pt
multilayer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is investigated. Different
stable magnetic domain patterns like band and bubble domains can be created in
the Co/Pt multilayer, clearly influencing the vortex pinning in the
superconducting Pb layer. Most effective pinning is observed for the bubble
domain state. We demonstrate that the pinning properties of the
superconductor/ferromagnet bilayer can be controlled by tuning the size,
density and magnetization direction of the bubbles.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for AP
Dynamic Regimes in Films with a Periodic Array of Antidots
We have studied the dynamic response of Pb thin films with a square array of
antidots by means of ac susceptibility chi(T,H) measurements. At low enough ac
drive amplitudes h, vortices moving inside the pinning potential give rise to a
frequency- and h-independent response together with a scarce dissipation. For
higher amplitudes, the average distance travelled by vortices surpasses the
pinning range and a critical state develops. We found that the boundary h*(H,T)
between these regimes smoothly decreases as T increases whereas a step-like
behavior is observed as a function of field. We demonstrate that these steps in
h*(H) arise from sharp changes in the pinning strength corresponding to
different vortex configurations. For a wide set of data at several fields and
temperatures in the critical state regime, we show that the scaling laws based
on the simple Bean model are satisfied.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Symmetry Violation in a Superconducting Film with a Square Array of Ferromagnetic Dots
We study the equilibrium state of a superconducting film covered with a
regular square array of perpendicularly magnetized magnetic dots. The dots
induce vortices in the film directly under them and antivortices between the
dots. We show that the symmetry of the dot array is spontaneously violated by
the vortices. The positions of the vortices and the antivortices depend on the
magnetization and the size of the dots.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Istraživanje učinkovitosti dizalice topline s bušotinskim izmjenjivačem topline
The paper presents results of an optimal design process of a ground-source
heat pump system including thermal modelling of the system and selection
of optimal design parameters which affect the system performance and
operational costs. An integrated building and system simulation program was
built for this purpose. The results were compared with a predefined “reference”
installation defining energy savings, environmental benefits and economical
results. It was found that a primary energy saving and CO2 emission reduction
of 31 % was obtained. Decreasing the borehole resistance leads to an increased
natural cooling fraction of 48 % to 61 %. Operational costs were higher for
the reference installation (86 %) than for the heat pump system (73 %). Over
a lifetime, the ground source heat pump system is a far more economical
choice.Ovaj rad predstavlja rezultate optimiranja rada dizalice topline s bušotinskim
izmjenjivačem topline, te uključuje termodinamički model sustava, odabir
optimalnih parametara koji utječu na učinkovitost sustava te njegovih
pogonskih troškova. U tu svrhu izgrađena je simulacija cjelovite zgrade s
prethodno navedenim sustavom. Rezultati su uspoređeni s ranije definiranom
referentnom instalacijom, definirajući uštede energije, pozitivan utjecaj na
okoliš, te ekonomske rezultate. Rezultati su pokazali da je ostvarena ušteda
primarne energije i smanjenje CO2 emisije od 31 %. Smanjenje toplinskog
otpora bušotine vodi do porasta udjela prirodnog hlađenja s 48 % na 61 %.
Operativni troškovi su bili veći za referentni sustav (86 %) za razliku od sustava
s dizalicom topline s bušotinskim izmjenjivačem topline.(73 %). Obzirom na
vijek trajanja, dizalica topline s bušotinskim izmjenjivačem topline predstavlja
ekonomski isplativiju opciju
In depth study of gelatin immobilisation on porous titanium scaffolds to improve the biological performance
European Antidumping Law and Procedure
This article is adapted from the presentations made by Messrs. Oldekop and Van Bael at the Symposium on Antidumping Law held at the University of Michigan Law School on November 3 and 4, 1978
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