2,436 research outputs found
The Environmental Consequences of Economic Growth Revisited
Although numerous studies on the economic growth-environment nexus exist, relatively little attention has been paid to model the effect of income on the environment, controlling for other relevant factors. The primary contribution of this paper is to examine the environmental consequences of economic growth for developed and developing countries in a dynamic cointegration framework by incorporating energy consumption and foreign direct investment (FDI). For this purpose, an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration is applied to annual data for the period 1971-2005. Results show that economic growth improves environmental quality for developed countries in the long-run, but worsen the environment in developing economies. We also find that energy consumption has a detrimental long-run effect on environmental quality for both developed and developing countries. FDI, however, is found to have little long-run effect on the environment in both developed and developing countries. Finally, it is found that, in the short-run, income and energy play key roles in affecting the environment in developed and developing countries, but FDI does not.
Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Thermal-Gravitational Instability in Protogalactic Halo Environment
We study thermal-gravitational instability in simplified models for
protogalactic halos using three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. The
simulations followed the evolution of gas with radiative cooling down to T =
10^4 K, background heating, and self-gravity. Then cooled and condensed clouds
were identified and their physical properties were examined in detail. During
early stage clouds start to form around initial density peaks by thermal
instability. Small clouds appear first and they are pressure-bound.
Subsequently, the clouds grow through compression by the background pressure as
well as gravitational infall. During late stage cloud-cloud collisions become
important, and clouds grow mostly through gravitational merging.
Gravitationally bound clouds with mass M_c > ~6 X 10^6 Msun are found in the
late stage. They are approximately in virial equilibrium and have radius R_c =
\~150 - 200 pc. Those clouds have gained angular momentum through tidal torque
as well as merging, so they have large angular momentum with the spin parameter
~ 0.3. The clouds formed in a denser background tend to have smaller
spin parameters. We discuss briefly the implications of our results on the
formation of protoglobular cluster clouds in protogalactic halos. (abridged)Comment: To appear in ApJ 20 September 2005, v631 1 issue. Pdf with full
resolution figures can be downloaded from
http://canopus.cnu.ac.kr/ryu/baeketal.pd
Effects of Rotation on Thermal-Gravitational Instability in the Protogalactic Disk Environment
Thermal-gravitational instability (TGI) is studied in the protogalactic
environment. We extend our previous work, where we found that dense clumps
first form out of hot background gas by thermal instability and later a small
fraction of them grow to virialized clouds of mass M_c >~ 6X10^6 M_sun by
gravitational infall and merging. But these clouds have large angular momentum,
so they would be difficult, if not impossible, to further evolve into globular
clusters. In this paper, through three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations in
a uniformly rotating frame, we explore if the Coriolis force due to rotation in
protogalactic disk regions can hinder binary merging and reduce angular
momentum of the clouds formed. With rotation comparable to the Galactic
rotation at the Solar circle, the Coriolis force is smaller than the pressure
force during the early thermal instability stage. So the properties of clumps
formed by thermal instability are not affected noticeably by rotation, except
increased angular momentum. However, during later stage the Coriolis force
becomes dominant over the gravity, and hence the further growth to
gravitationally bound clouds by gravitational infall and merging is prohibited.
Our results show that the Coriolis force effectively destroys the picture of
cloud formation via TGI, rather than alleviate the problem of large angular
momentum.Comment: To appear in ApJ Lett. (June 1, 2006, v643n2). Pdf with full
resolution figures can be downloaded from
http://canopus.cnu.ac.kr/ryu/baeketal.pd
Estimation of object location probability for object detection using brightness feature only
Most existing object detection methods use features such as color, shape, and contour. If there are no consistent features can be used, we need a new object detection method. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new method for estimating the probability that an object can be located for object detection and generating an object location probability map using only brightness in a gray image. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we applied it to gallbladder detection. Experimental results showed 98.02% success rate for gallbladder detection in ultrasonogram. Therefore, the proposed method accurately estimates the object location probability and effectively detected gallbladder
The Effect of Presence on Consumers\u27 Responses to Virtual Mirror Technology
Virtual mirror, an increasingly popular application of augmented reality (AR), allows consumers to view their visages overlaid with product images on digital displays. This study investigates the effect of presence on consumers\u27 responses to AR- (versus virtual reality (VR-) based virtual mirror technology. Results show that AR-based presentation is more likely to induce presence than VR-based presentation, thereby leading to greater mental imagery, favorable virtual mirror attitude, and stronger purchase intentions. Implications for digital retailers in the fashion industry are discussed
Novel PI3K/Akt Inhibitors Screened by the Cytoprotective Function of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat
The PI3K/Akt pathway regulates various stress-related cellular responses such as cell survival, cell proliferation, metabolism and protein synthesis. Many cancer cell types display the activation of this pathway, and compounds inhibiting this cell survival pathway have been extensively evaluated as anti-cancer agents. In addition to cancers, several human viruses, such as HTLV, HPV, HCV and HIV-1, also modulate this pathway, presumably in order to extend the life span of the infected target cells for productive viral replication. The expression of HIV-1 Tat protein exhibited the cytoprotective effect in macrophages and a human microglial cell line by inhibiting the negative regulator of this pathway, PTEN. This cytoprotective effect of HIV-1 appears to contribute to the long-term survival and persistent HIV-1 production in human macrophage reservoirs. In this study we exploited the PI3K/Akt dependent cytoprotective effect of Tat-expressing CHME5 cells. We screened a collection of compounds known to modulate inflammation, and identified three novel compounds: Lancemaside A, Compound K and Arctigenin that abolished the cytoprotective phenotype of Tat-expressing CHME5 cells. All three compounds antagonized the kinase activity of Akt. Further detailed signaling studies revealed that each of these three compounds targeted different steps of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Arctigenin regulates the upstream PI3K enzyme from converting PIP2 to PIP3. Lancemaside A1 inhibited the movement of Akt to the plasma membrane, a critical step for Akt activation. Compound K inhibited Akt phosphorylation. This study supports that Tat-expressing CHME5 cells are an effective model system for screening novel PI3K/Akt inhibitors
Modeling and Analysis of Mobility Management in Mobile Communication Networks
Many strategies have been proposed to reduce the mobility management cost in mobile communication networks. This paper studies the zone-based registration methods that have been adopted by most mobile communication networks. We focus on two special zone-based registration methods, called two-zone registration (2Z) and two-zone registration with implicit registration by outgoing calls (2Zi). We provide a new mathematical model to analyze the exact performance of 2Z and 2Zi. We also present various numerical results, to compare the performance of 2Zi with those of 2Z and one-zone registration (1Z), and show that 2Zi is superior to 2Z as well as 1Z in most cases
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