Bee bread as a functional product: chemical composition and bioactive properties

Bee bread is a mixture of pollen pellets, honey and lactic acid bacteria, and the basis of food in the hive. In the present study, a Moroccan bee bread has been analyzed concerning the palynological analysis, nutritional value and chemical composition (free sugars, organic acids, mineral composition, fatty acid, tocopherols and polyphenols); in vitro antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity screened against pathogenic bacteria and fungi were also evaluated. The studied bee bread was a good source of protein (19.96 ± 0.08 g/100 g), total free sugars (18 ± 1 g/100 g), macroelements and microelements content, revealed high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (64.7 ± 0.4%), tocopherols (10.9 ± 0.9 mg/100 g) and natural antioxidants, such as flavonol glycoside derivatives, being isorhamnetin-O-hexosyl-O-rutinoside the major phenolic compound present. The bee bread showed antioxidant activity and effectiveness against all the bacteria and fungi tested. This work contributes to the chemical and bioactive knowledge of this unexplored natural product.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2013), A. Fernandes grant (SFRH/BPD/114753/2016), and L. Barros research contract. The authors are grateful to FEDER-Interreg España-Portugal programme for financial support through the project 0377_Iberphenol_6_E.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Protective effect of honey and propolis against gentamicin- induced oxidative stress and hepatorenal damages

Bee products are a promising source of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant activity. The present study was designed to explore the protective effect of honey, propolis, and their combination on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and hepatorenal dysfunction. This study was conducted on male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injections of gentamicin (120 mg/kg BW/day, i.p.) or normal saline (1 ml/kg BW/day, i.p.) for 10 consecutive days. Honey (2 g/kg BW), propolis (100 mg/kg BW), or their combination were given daily by gavage to normal and gentamicin groups. Honey and propolis samples were evaluated for their phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity. The in vitro investigations showed that the evaluated samples especially propolis extract have high antioxidant power associated with the presence of several phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, flavan-3-ols, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and stilbenes, while honey contains only hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids. It was also shown that simultaneous treatment with honey or propolis extract alone or in association prevented changes caused by gentamicin administration and improved hepatic and renal functions. Changes caused by gentamicin administration, observed by in vivo experiments, include significant elevation of uric acid, urea, creatinine, and hepatic enzyme levels (ALT, AST, and ALP) and kidney biochemical changes (an increase of urea, uric acid, and creatinine and a decrease of albumin and total protein) as well as remarkable changes of renal and liver oxidative stress markers (CAT, GPx, and GSH) and elevation of MDA levels. Overall, it can be concluded that honey and propolis might be useful in the management of liver and renal diseases induced by xenobiotics.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio