Resale Price Maintenance for Books in Germany and the European Union: A Legal and Economic Analysis

Traditionally, in the German language area, the resale or end-sale price charged for new books in bookstores to the end customer has been a fixed or list price, observance of the list being enforced by the German Book Traders'''' Association (Börsenverein des deutschen Buchhandels). The association operates a complex system of rules governing book fairs, registration of copy rights, dispute resolution in the publishing industry, communication between authors, publishers, the book trade and the general public, training and continuous education of the more than 22,000 licensed booksellers and many others. Recently, the European Commission has rescinded a comfort letter and challenged the end price system operated in the German language area for more than a century. This move by the retiring commissioner for competition was, however, challenged in the commission''''s last meeting, and the issue has not yet been resolved. This paper, after an introduction, gives an in-depth review of the history and organisation of the German book trade. The end sale price maintenance rule is considered a part of a complex organisation governing this industry. Part two is devoted to the law and economics analysis, which is complicated by the problem lying at the heart of the battle over competencies, whether the end sale price maintenance is a matter primarily of competition or of cultural diversity. The paper concludes with a set of preliminary findings.business administration and economics ;

La tradizione europea del pensiero economico

Spalletti \ue8 segretario organizzativo, membro del collegio dei docenti del dottorato e co-curatore della cotutela del titolo di dottorato con l'Universit\ue0 Sorbona di Parigi. Lo scopo \ue8 formare studiosi con una preparazione adeguata alla complessit\ue0 che la ricerca nella Storia del pensiero economico ha raggiunto negli ultimi anni, conformemente anche con le nuove funzioni che la disciplina ha assunto nella formazione di economisti e scienziati sociali. La Storia del pensiero economico svolge infatti il ruolo di riflessione critica sui fondamenti della teoria economica; di riconoscimento dell\u2019influenza esercitata dall'evoluzione delle altre scienze; di approfondimento della teoria che nasce dall\u2019inquadramento del contesto culturale e storico che l\u2019ha determinata. In altre parole, la Storia del pensiero contribuisce a mantenere viva la tradizione europea di considerare la scienza economica come una scienza sociale. Tuttavia i corsi di laurea attuali non sono in grado di fornire un\u2019adeguata preparazione alla ricerca \u2013 ed eventualmente all\u2019insegnamento universitario \u2013 in questo settore. La materia richiede sia la conoscenza della teoria economica contemporanea (non fornita dai corsi di laurea propriamente umanistici) sia un\u2019adeguata preparazione alla ricerca storica (non fornita dai corsi di laurea in economia). Studi recenti hanno messo in evidenza i limiti di un approccio alla Storia del Pensiero economico confinato alla tradizione nazionale (considerata come un\u2019esperienza isolata poich\ue9 sovente gli Italiani studiano gli economisti italiani, i Tedeschi studiano gli economisti tedeschi etc.) ovvero alla tradizione anglosassone dominante. Ci\uf2 ha fatto passare in secondo piano interessanti correnti di pensiero che hanno avuto meno fortuna, o che sono legate a realt\ue0 nazionali diverse. La diffusione delle idee economiche tra i Paesi europei e la ricostruzione delle reti internazionali di collaborazione e di influenze costituiscono i campi di ricerca pi\uf9 innovativi e interessanti e sono ancora quasi interamente da esplorare. In particolare i rapporti tra Germania, Francia, Spagna e Italia sono tutti da ricostruire. Occorre, dunque, essere pronti ad accogliere le indicazioni provenienti dalla Comunit\ue0 scientifica internazionale, che gi\ue0 da tempo ha cominciato a interrogarsi sui meccanismi di trasferimento delle idee economiche attraverso i confini nazionali. Proprio l'istituzione scientifica pi\uf9 autorevole in materia, la Societ\ue0 Europea per la Storia del pensiero economico (ESHET), ha organizzato nel 1999 il convegno: "National Traditions in Economic Thought and the Diffusion of Ideas". Si tratta di filoni di ricerca che richiedono una complessa preparazione (disciplinare e linguistica) per essere adeguatamente affrontati. Non esistono dottorati in Europa che abbiano queste caratteristiche di apertura internazionale e di interdisciplinarit\ue0 tra economia e storia. In Italia i giovani studiosi/e che nutrono interesse in questo campo vi accedono generalmente tramite dottorati in economia e sono costretti ad acquisire faticosamente e isolatamente la strumentazione necessaria e a dedicare tempo e risorse ad approfondire conoscenze che non sono funzionali ai loro interessi di ricerca. Inoltre l\u2019alta specializzazione di questo dottorato, che ha quasi come solo sbocco professionale la ricerca, rende efficiente la scelta di concentrare gli sforzi tra diversi Paesi in un unico corso di studio a valenza internazionale

Self-directed learning of basic musculoskeletal ultrasound among rheumatologists in the United States

Objective Because musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) is highly user dependent, we aimed to establish whether non-mentored learning of MSUS is sufficient to achieve the same level of diagnostic accuracy and scanning reliability as has been achieved by rheumatologists recognized as international experts in MSUS. Methods A group of 8 rheumatologists with more experience in MSUS and 8 rheumatologists with less experience in MSUS participated in an MSUS exercise to assess patients with musculoskeletal abnormalities commonly seen in a rheumatology practice. Patients' established diagnoses were obtained from chart review (gout, osteoarthritis, rotator cuff syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and seronegative arthritis). Two examining groups were formed, each composed of 4 less experienced and 4 more experienced examiners. Each group scanned 1 predefined body region (hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee, or ankle) in each of 8 patients, blinded to medical history and physical examination. Structural abnormalities were noted with dichotomous answers, and an open-ended answer was used for the final diagnosis. Results Less experienced and more experienced examiners achieved the same diagnostic accuracy (US-established diagnosis versus chart review diagnosis). The interrater reliability for tissue pathology was slightly higher for more experienced versus less experienced examiners (Κ = 0.43 versus Κ = 0.34; P = 0.001). Conclusion Non-mentored training in MSUS can lead to the achievement of diagnostic accuracy in MSUS comparable to that achieved by highly experienced international experts. Reliability may increase slightly with additional experience. Further study is needed to determine the minimal training requirement to achieve proficiency in MSUS.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65036/1/20063_ftp.pd

Alfred Marshall versus the Historical School

Original article can be found at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/--Copyright Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.A false account of Marshall’s engagements with the historical school is found among modern commentators. This false account involves the central proposition that Marshall was an opponent of the historical school. This false account has survived and prospered because it has fitted into more general conceptions of intellectual history, held by both orthodox and heterodox economists. To many orthodox economists, Marshall was a hero who greatly contributed to the development of neoclassical economic theory, and fought valiantly against the ‘atheoretical’ historicists. Likewise, to many heterodox economists, Marshall was a villain who greatly contributed to the development of neoclassical economic theory, and machinated against the ‘more realistic’ historicists. Such statements are difficult to reconcile with the fact that Marshall repeatedly referred positively to the ideas of the German historical school. It is argued in this paper that Marshall’s opposition to the historical school was confined to its anti-theoretical wing, principally William Cunningham. In other important respects Marshall’s position was compatible with German and British historicism.Peer reviewe

Christian Wolff on Subsidiarity, the Division of Labor, and Social Welfare

Division of labor, social welfare, subsidiarity,

The Law and Economics of European Monetary Integration

Monetary integration, convergence criteria, Euro, thaler, guilder,