Название статьи: снижение выбросов парниковых газов через управление отходами производства

В настоящее время население мира растет очень быстро. Такой рост населенияспособствует высокому загрязнению окружающей среды. Сжигание углеводородного топливанеизбежно ведет к накоплению в атмосфере углекислого газа и усилению парникового эффекта.Цель исследования заключалась в оценке возможности использования в производственном циклевторичной переработки использованных ПЭТ бутылок как варианта утилизации отходов, которыйможет существенно уменьшить экологические проблемы, связанные с отходами пластиковых бутылок.Количество парниковых газов может быть сокращено за счет отказа от захоронения и сжигания впользу переработки. Переработка является экологически более предпочтительной для утилизации ПЭТ продуктов

The emission of energetic electrons from the complex streamer corona adjacent to leader stepping

We here propose a model to capture the complexity of the streamer corona adjacent to leader stepping and relate it to the production of energetic electrons serving as a source of X-rays and $\gamma$-rays, manifesting in terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs). During its stepping, the leader tip is accompanied by a corona consisting of multitudinous streamers perturbing the air in its vicinity and leaving residual charge behind. We explore the relative importance of air perturbations and preionization on the production of energetic run-away electrons by 2.5D cylindrical Monte Carlo particle simulations of streamers in ambient fields of 16 kV cm$^{-1}$ and 50 kV cm$^{-1}$ at ground pressure. We explore preionization levels between $10^{10}$ m$^{-3}$ and $10^{13}$ m$^{-3}$, channel widths between 0.5 and 1.5 times the original streamer widths and air perturbation levels between 0\% and 50\% of ambient air. We observe that streamers in preionized and perturbed air accelerate more efficiently than in non-ionized and uniform air with air perturbation dominating the streamer acceleration. We find that in unperturbed air preionization levels of $10^{11}$ m$^{-3}$ are sufficient to explain run-away electron rates measured in conjunction with terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. In perturbed air, the production rate of runaway electrons varies from $10^{10}$ s$^{-1}$ to $10^{17}$ s$^{-1}$ with maximum electron energies from some hundreds of eV up to some hundreds of keV in fields above and below the breakdown strength. In the presented simulations the number of runaway electrons matches with the number of energetic electrons measured in alignment with the observations of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. Conclusively, the complexity of the streamer zone ahead of leader tips allows explaining the emission of energetic electrons and photons from streamer discharges.Comment: 29 pages, 11 figures, 2 table

Methods of noninvasive electrophysiological heart examination basing on solution of inverse problem of electrocardiography

The article represents the main noninvasive methods of heart electrical activity examination, theoretical bases of solution of electrocardiography inverse problem, application of different methods of heart examination in clinical practice, and generalized achievements in this sphere in global experience

Integrative Modeling of Electrical Properties of Pacemaker Cardiac Cells

This work represents modeling of electrical properties of pacemaker (sinus) cardiac cells. Special attention is paid to electrical potential arising from transmembrane current of Na{+}, K{+} and Ca{2+} ions. This potential is calculated using the NaCaX model. In this respect, molar concentration of ions in the intercellular space which is calculated on the basis of the GENTEX model is essential. Combined use of two different models allows referring this approach to integrative modeling

Impact of filtration elements on bioelectrical signal

Filtering of the wanted signal from the noise caused by power lines, magnetic pickup, interference from body movement, etc. in the field of medical data processing is a weighty problem of cardiography. To date, different types of digital filters have been used to clear the signal from unnecessary frequency bands. This paper presents the results of the filter simulation in MATLAB package

Permanent Stability Bracing of CFS Trusses

Permanent stability bracing of Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) roof/floor trusses is needed for the three major planes in a truss: Top chord, Bottom Chord and Web. Primary function of bracing is to prevent lateral instability of members as well as stiffen the overall roof/floor system. Brace force is dependent on the magnitude of applied loads and the level of out-of-planeness permitted. Traditionally, 2% of the axial compression force in a member is used as the brace (restraint) force, which is based on an out-of-plane deflection of L/200 where L is the member length. Continuous Lateral Restraint (CLR) forces are accumulated from similar members in several adjacent trusses and then transferred through Diagonal Braces (DB) to the bearings or other shear resisting elements (for example, metal decking). For chord and web members, a method to determine the forces in CLR and DB is presented using a statics based approach with varying number of braces and mode shapes for a maximum permitted out-of-planeness of L/200. For the chord members with more than two CLR\u27s, a method for designing a Brace Collector Frame (BCF) based on the Net Lateral Restraining Force (NLRF) is presented

Excitation model of cardiac p cells of the cardiac conduction system

The article considers elaboration of the mathematical model of cardiac electrical activity which will allow investigating excitation propagation processes at all sites of the cardiac conduction system. The proposed model is generated on the basis of parametric elements of an electric circuit with distributed parameters and approximation of time dependencies of conduction in ion channels by cubic splines