Impact of Higher Education on Economic Growth of Pakistan

This paper investigates the returns of higher education on economic growth of Pakistan from 1972 to 2008 through the application of Cobb-Douglas production function. The prime objective of the study is to identify and establish a link between the higher education and economic growth of Pakistan. For this purpose the impact of higher education enrollment on economic growth is analyzed. An attempt is made, in this study, to analyze the educational trends, the strategies and challenges for higher educational and its role in overall development in the country. Furthermore, the study also delves that a well educated labor force appears to significantly affluence the economic growth. The research also provides some implications for the policy purpose to develop higher education so as to curb the use of expatriate manpower in different sectors of the economy.Education: Economic Growth: Cobb Douglas PF

Impact of Higher Education on Economic Growth of Pakistan

This paper investigates the returns of higher education on economic growth of Pakistan from 1972 to 2008 through the application of Cobb-Douglas production function. The prime objective of the study is to identify and establish a link between the higher education and economic growth of Pakistan. For this purpose the impact of higher education enrollment on economic growth is analyzed. An attempt is made, in this study, to analyze the educational trends, the strategies and challenges for higher educational and its role in overall development in the country. Furthermore, the study also delves that a well educated labor force appears to significantly affluence the economic growth. The research also provides some implications for the policy purpose to develop higher education so as to curb the use of expatriate manpower in different sectors of the economy

Impact of Higher Education on Economic Growth of Pakistan

This paper investigates the returns of higher education on economic growth of Pakistan from 1972 to 2008 through the application of Cobb-Douglas production function. The prime objective of the study is to identify and establish a link between the higher education and economic growth of Pakistan. For this purpose the impact of higher education enrollment on economic growth is analyzed. An attempt is made, in this study, to analyze the educational trends, the strategies and challenges for higher educational and its role in overall development in the country. Furthermore, the study also delves that a well educated labor force appears to significantly affluence the economic growth. The research also provides some implications for the policy purpose to develop higher education so as to curb the use of expatriate manpower in different sectors of the economy

Parameters and their impacts on the temperature distribution and thermal gradient of solid oxide fuel cell

The commercialisation potential of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell is hindered due to certain technical issues. One of these is the thermal gradient across the cell structure during its operational period that can deteriorate the system’s performance. In this study, a newly developed multipoint thermal sensor is deployed across the cathode to understand the impact of various factors including cell’s operating temperature, fuel flow rate and drawing current density on temperature distribution and its stability. Here we report that direct oxidation of hydrogen due to fuel crossover has been the most impactful contributor for the cell’s average temperature increment during both open circuit voltage and loading conditions, while electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen is the most impactful contributor for cell temperature gradient during loading. A relationship has been established between the temperature profile of the cell surface and the source of the temperature variation which allows identification of the responsible parameter

2021 roadmap on lithium sulfur batteries

Abstract: Batteries that extend performance beyond the intrinsic limits of Li-ion batteries are among the most important developments required to continue the revolution promised by electrochemical devices. Of these next-generation batteries, lithium sulfur (Li–S) chemistry is among the most commercially mature, with cells offering a substantial increase in gravimetric energy density, reduced costs and improved safety prospects. However, there remain outstanding issues to advance the commercial prospects of the technology and benefit from the economies of scale felt by Li-ion cells, including improving both the rate performance and longevity of cells. To address these challenges, the Faraday Institution, the UK’s independent institute for electrochemical energy storage science and technology, launched the Lithium Sulfur Technology Accelerator (LiSTAR) programme in October 2019. This Roadmap, authored by researchers and partners of the LiSTAR programme, is intended to highlight the outstanding issues that must be addressed and provide an insight into the pathways towards solving them adopted by the LiSTAR consortium. In compiling this Roadmap we hope to aid the development of the wider Li–S research community, providing a guide for academia, industry, government and funding agencies in this important and rapidly developing research space

Characterisation of surface treated CdZnTe and thin film CdTe based devices.

Semiconductor materials have a vast range of applications varying from basic electronic products to astronomy and their semiconducting properties can be altered through the growth of binary or ternary compound materials. CdZnTe and CdTe are prominent materials in radiation detector and photovoltaic solar cell applications. For radiation detectors, in the fabrication process, surface preparation (chemical polishing and passivation) and contact deposition are key to the detector performance. This thesis investigates the effect of these two processing steps on CdZnTe detectors through varying the passivation procedures and gold contact configurations. The surface composition, layer thickness and non-uniformity resulting from the passivation treatments have been investigated using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and other materials characterisation techniques. The device electrical and spectroscopic responses were measured using the I-V characteristics and alpha spectroscopy respectively. Passivation using 30 % H2O2 and 5% NaClO treatments develops a very thin oxide layer of up to ~2 nm, while NH4F/H2O2 and KOH+NH4F/H2O2 treatments yield oxide layers of varying thickness (30 – 142 nm) and metal oxides comprising of Te2/Te3, CdO and ZnO. Devices were fabricated in metal-semiconductor (MS) and metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) configurations. The MIS configuration improves the mobility-lifetime product, partial charge collection and leakage current of a CdZnTe device. The MIS device barrier heights were calculated to be 0.83 ± 0.02 eV and 0.86 ± 0.02 eV for very thin and thick oxide layers respectively. For ultra-thin (0.5 µm CdTe layer in) CdTe/CdZnS solar cells, XPS and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to study the effect of varying the CdCl2 processing step. Increasing the degree of CdCl2 activation and annealing treatment was found to increase sulphur diffusion into the CdTe layer (up to a concentration of ~ 2 at.%). Cell performance measurements showed that the increase in S concentration is directly related to the open-circuit voltage (Voc), and increasing the degree of CdCl2 treatment gives higher Voc values

Supplementary information files for 'Parameters and their impacts on the temperature distribution and thermal gradient of solid oxide fuel cell'

Supplementary information files for 'Parameters and their impacts on the temperature distribution and thermal gradient of solid oxide fuel cell'Abstract;The commercialisation potential of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell is hindered due to certain technical issues. One of these is the thermal gradient across the cell structure during its operational period that can deteriorate the system’s performance. In this study, a newly developed multipoint thermal sensor is deployed across the cathode to understand the impact of various factors including cell’s operating temperature, fuel flow rate and drawing current density on temperature distribution and its stability. Here we report that direct oxidation of hydrogen due to fuel crossover has been the most impactful contributor for the cell’s average temperature increment during both open circuit voltage and loading conditions, while electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen is the most impactful contributor for cell temperature gradient during loading. A relationship has been established between the temperature profile of the cell surface and the source of the temperature variation which allows identification of the responsible parameter.</div

DFT Simulations Investigating the Trapping of Sulfides by 1T-Li_xMoS₂ and 1T-Li_xMoS₂/Graphene Hybrid Cathodes in Li-S Batteries

The aim of this study is to investigate new materials that can be employed as cathode hosts in Li-S batteries, which would be able to overcome the effect of the shuttling of soluble polysulfides and maximize the battery capacity and energy density. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations are used to determine the adsorption energy of lithium sulfides in two types of cathode hosts: lithiated 1T-MoS2 (1T-LixMoS2) and hybrid 1T-LixMoS2/graphene. Initial simulations of lithiated 1T-MoS2 structures led to the selection of an optimized 1T-Li0.75MoS2 structure, which was utilized for the formation of an optimized 1T-Li0.75MoS2 bilayer and a hybrid 1T-Li0.75MoS2/graphene bilayer structure. It was found that all sulfides exhibited super-high adsorption energies in the interlayer inside the 1T-Li0.75MoS2 bilayer and very good adsorption energy values in the interlayer inside the hybrid 1T-Li0.75MoS2/graphene bilayer. The placement of sulfides outside each type of bilayer, over the 1T-Li0.75MoS2 surface, yielded good adsorption energies in the range of −2 to −3.8 eV, which are higher than those over a 1T-MoS2 substrate

An Efficient Routing Scheme for Intrabody Nanonetworks Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

An Intrabody Nanonetwork (IBNN) is constituted by nanoscale devices that are implanted inside the human body for monitoring of physiological parameters for disease diagnosis and treatment purposes. The extraordinary accuracy and precision of these nanoscale devices in cellular level disease diagnosis and drug delivery are envisioned to advance the traditional healthcare system. However, the feature constraints of these nanoscale devices, such as inadequate energy resources, topology-unawareness, and limited computational power, challenges the development of energy-efficient routing protocol for IBNNs. The presented work concentrates on the primary limitations and responsibilities of IBNNs and designs a routing protocol that incorporates characteristics of Exponential Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) Based Opportunistic Data Transmission (EWMA-ODT) and Artificial Colony Algorithm Based Query Response Transmission (ABC-QRT) approaches for efficiently handling the routing challenges of IBNNs. In EWMA-ODT, the moving Nano Biosensors (NBSs) employ the EWMA method attributes to aggregate detected data by assigning high weightage to the recent detected information. Later, the aggregated data is transmitted to the Nano Router (NR) when the direct data transmission opportunity is available, the reception of aggregated briefs NR about the condition of the network after the last successful interaction with minimum energy consumption. Whereas, the ABC-QRT approach introduces the ABC algorithm for the selection of those optimal NBSs that have maximum fitness value for satisfying the data transmission demand of the external healthcare system with minimal traffic overhead. The simulation results validate that the joint contribution of these approaches enhances IBNNs lifetime and reduces end-to-end delay as compared to the flooding scheme