Effects of Bifidobacterium Pseudocatenulatum G4 on Clostridium Scindens and Clostridium Hiranonis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the deoxycholic acid (DCA) reduction by Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 at in vitro conditions with the emphasis of its bile salt deconjugation ability and antagonistic activity against 7α-dehydroxylating bacteria. B. pseudocatenulatum G4 showed antagonistic activity against Clostridium scindens and C. hiranonis at colonic pH (5.7, 6.2 and 6.8), with highest activity (4mm inhibition zone) at pH 5.7 against C. hiranonis. Growth rates of B. pseudocatenulatum G4 (time required for the initial absorbance at zero time to increase by 0.3 units), decreased in the presence of 2.0% oxgall compared to absence of oxgall. Effect of B. pseudocatenulatum G4 on pH reduction was measured; B. pseudocatenulatum G4 reduced pH from 6.8 to 3.9 in TPY broth supplemented with 0.1% and pH 3.74 in TPY broth without oxgall (control), compared to pH 5.28 in TPY broth supplemented with 2.0% oxgall. This results showed oxgall exert inhibitory effect on pH reduction by B. pseudocatenulatum G4. Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, which is the measurement of enzyme activity responsible for bile salt deconjugation, was quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. B. pseudocatenulatum G4 gave deconjugation rate (disappearance of conjugated bile acid) in TPY broth supplemented with 0.25 mM (the highest concentration in colon) and 5.0 mM (the highest concentration in small intestine) of all 6 different conjugated bile acids (TCA, GCA, TCDCA, GCDCA, TDCA, and GDCA). Generally B. pseudocatenulatum G4 deconjugated glycoconjugated bile acids in higher amount compare to tauroconjugates. The percentage of deconjugation activity was higher in TPY medium supplemented with 0.25mM bile acids compared to TPY broth with 5.0mM bile acids. On other hand, pH 6.2 was observed as the optimum pH for BSH activity. Full factorial statistical design was used to evaluate the effects of three factors (pH, B. pseudocatenulatum G4 concentrations and Clostridiums) with different levels and interactions between them, on DCA production. Statistical analysis for results of the in vitro experiment showed that total DCA concentration produced by C. scindens and C. hiranonis in the presence of B. pseudocatenulatum G4 and low pH, were lower than the control group with highest pH and in the absence of B. pseudocatenulatum G4

Novel nanoliposomal encapsulated omega-3 fatty acids and their applications in food

The aim of the present research was to evaluate the application, stability and suitability of ?3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) incorporated nanoliposomes in food enrichment. Nanoliposomal ?3 PUFAs was prepared by Mozafari method, and their application in bread and milk was compared with unencapsulated (fish oil) and microencapsulated ?3 PUFAs. Sensory evaluation was conducted to determine the perceptible sensory difference/similarity between control, unencapsulated, microencapsulated, and nanoliposomal ?3 PUFAs enriched foods. Results showed no significant (p = 0.11) detectable difference between control and nanoliposomal ?3 PUFAs enriched samples while, samples enriched with unencapsulated or microencapsulated ?3 PUFAs showed significant (p = 0.02) fishy flavor. Moreover, significantly (p < 0.01) higher ?3 PUFAs % recovery and lower peroxide and anisidine values were observed in nanoliposomal ?3 PUFAs enriched samples in comparison with other samples. In conclusion, an effective and reproducible method for application of ?3 PUFAs in the food system was developed

Comparing the calcium bioavailability from two types of nano-sized enriched milk using in-vivo assay

Calcium bioavailability from two types of enriched (calcium citrate and calcium carbonate) milks homogenized to a nano-sized particle distribution has been studied among 48 female Sprauge-dawley rats. Skim milk powder was enriched with some essential nutrients (Inulin, DHA & EPA, vitamins B6, K1, and D3) as enhancers of calcium bioavailability according to recommended dietary allowances of the West European and North American. Ovariectomized and ovariectomized-osteoporosis rats were used as a menopause and menopause-osteoporosis model, respectively. Although, nano-sized enriched milk powders had the greatest calcium bioavailability among the groups, but bioavailability of nano-sized calcium carbonate-enriched-milk was significantly (P<0.05) better than nano-sized calcium citrate-enriched-milk. Moreover, the trends were similar for bone calcium, strength and morphology. Therefore, based on the current results the calcium carbonate nano-sized enriched milk could be an effective enriched milk powder in ovariectomized-osteoporosis and ovariectomized rats as a model of menopause-osteoporosis and menopause women

Comprehensive study on transglycosylation of CGTase from various sources

Transglycosylation is the in-vivo or in-vitro process of transferring glycosyl groups from a donor to an acceptor, which is usually performed by enzymatic reactions because of their simplicity, low steric hindrance, high regionspecificity, low production cost, and mild processing conditions. One of the enzymes commonly used in the transglycosylation reaction is cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). The transglycosylated products, catalyzed by CGTase, are widely used in food additives, supplements, and personal care and cosmetic products. This is due to improvements in the solubility, stability, bioactivity and length of the synthesized products. This paper's focus is on the importance of enzymes used in the transglycosylation reaction, their characteristics and mechanism of action, sources and production yield, and donor and acceptor specificities. Moreover, the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the enzymatic reaction, catalysis of glycosidic linkages, and advantages of CGTase transglycosylation reactions are discussed in detail

Bile resistance and bile salt deconjugation activity of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 in a simulated colonic pH.

The ability of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 to survive and tolerate bile acids exposure and its bile salt hydrolase activity was investigated. The growth rate of B. pseudocatenulatum G4 (106, 108 and 1010cfu/ml) decreased in the presence of 2.0% oxgall compared to the control (without oxgall), however, the colonic concentration of bile acids (0.1%) did not show any significant effect (p<0.05) on the growth rate of this strain in three different simulated colonic pH (5.7, 6.2 and 6.8). Bile salt hydrolase activity, which is the measurement of enzyme activity responsible for bile salt deconjugation, was quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. B. pseudocatenulatum G4 demonstrated high deconjugation rate (82 to 100%) in TPY broth supplemented with 0.25 mM and 5.0 mM of all six different types of bile acids including: taurocholic acid (TCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic (GCDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA). Overall, the percentage of deconjugation activity was higher in TPY medium supplemented with 0.25 mM bile acids compared to TPY broth with 5.0 mM bile acids. Also, B. pseudocatenulatum G4 showed good tolerance to bile acids. Generally, B. pseudocatenulatumG4 deconjugated glycoconjugated bile acids in higher amount compared to tauroconjugate ones. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 demonstrated good tolerance of bile acids suggesting that it would be capable of surviving in the colon and deconjugating bile salts if used as a probiotic

Bile resistance and bile salt deconjugation activity of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 in a simulated colonic pH.

The ability of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 to survive and tolerate bile acids exposure and its bile salt hydrolase activity was investigated. The growth rate of B. pseudocatenulatum G4 (106, 108 and 1010cfu/ml) decreased in the presence of 2.0% oxgall compared to the control (without oxgall), however, the colonic concentration of bile acids (0.1%) did not show any significant effect (p<0.05) on the growth rate of this strain in three different simulated colonic pH (5.7, 6.2 and 6.8). Bile salt hydrolase activity, which is the measurement of enzyme activity responsible for bile salt deconjugation, was quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. B. pseudocatenulatum G4 demonstrated high deconjugation rate (82 to 100%) in TPY broth supplemented with 0.25 mM and 5.0 mM of all six different types of bile acids including: taurocholic acid (TCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic (GCDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA). Overall, the percentage of deconjugation activity was higher in TPY medium supplemented with 0.25 mM bile acids compared to TPY broth with 5.0 mM bile acids. Also, B. pseudocatenulatum G4 showed good tolerance to bile acids. Generally, B. pseudocatenulatumG4 deconjugated glycoconjugated bile acids in higher amount compared to tauroconjugate ones. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 demonstrated good tolerance of bile acids suggesting that it would be capable of surviving in the colon and deconjugating bile salts if used as a probiotic

Inhibition of Clostridium scindens and Clostridium hiranonis growth by Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 in simulated colonic pH.

In some patients, increased proportions of deoxycholic acid produced by 7α-dehydroxylating in the bile acid pool in the intestines have been associated with the development of cholesterol gallstones. The levels and activities of bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating bacteria have been reported to be increased in gallstone patients. In the current study, the ability of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 to survive and tolerate the simulated colonic pH and its inhibitory activity against two 7α-dehydroxylating bacteria, Clostridium scindens JCM 10418 and Clostridium hiranonis JCM 10541, was investigated. B. pseudocatenulatum G4 showed antimicrobial activity against the two tested indicator organisms, however, B. pseudocatenulatum G4 showed higher antagonistic activity against C. hiranonis as compared with C. scindens. Also, the effect of three different colonic pH (5.7, 6.2 and 6.8) on Clostridiums and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 growth was studied. Reducing the pH leads to 1-2 log decrease in number of both C. scindens and C. hiranonis. B. pseudocatenulatum G4 showed more inhibitory activity against each one of Clostridiums compared to mix of them and the effect ofpH on Clostridium growth was increased by presence of B. pseudocatenulatum G4. The highest reduction in Clostridium growth observed at pH 6.8 followed by pH 6.2 and 5.7. Good tolerance and survival of B. pseudocatenulatum at different levels of pH demonstrating this bacterium as a potential probiotic for human consumption

Comprehensive study on transglycosylation of CGTase from various sources

Transglycosylation is the in-vivo or in-vitro process of transferring glycosyl groups from a donor to an acceptor, which is usually performed by enzymatic reactions because of their simplicity, low steric hindrance, high region specificity, low production cost, and mild processing conditions. One of the enzymes commonly used in the transglycosylation reaction is cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). The transglycosylated products, cata lyzed by CGTase, are widely used in food additives, supplements, and personal care and cosmetic products. This is due to improvements in the solubility, stability, bioactivity and length of the synthesized products. This paper's focus is on the importance of enzymes used in the transglycosylation reaction, their characteristics and mecha nism of action, sources and production yield, and donor and acceptor specificities. Moreover, the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the enzymatic reaction, catalysis of glycosidic linkages, and advantages of CGTase transglycosylation reactions are discussed in detail

Gastrointestinal tract morphological alteration by unpleasant physical treatment and modulating role of Lactobacillus in broilers

1. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of supposedly unpleasant physical treatment on broiler performance, small intestinal development and ameliorating role of probiotics. 2. The following treatments were applied from day one: (1) chicks exposed to normal human contact fed basal diet (control); (2) chicks were exposed to unpleasant physical treatment and fed basal diet (UPT-BD); and (3) chicks were exposed to unpleasant physical treatment and fed basal diet supplemented with Lactobacillus (UPT-BDL). Chicks were exposed to UPT from days 1 to 21. Different segments of gastrointestinal tract were sampled at 14, 28, 35 and 42 d of age. 3. Broilers of UPT-BD had lower feed consumption compared with control group at 7 d of age. Overall, UPT-BDL birds showed higher body weight gain (BWG) and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) over the course of the experiment. 4. Birds of UPT-BD had lower concentrations of lactic, propionic and butyric acids in the caecum as compared with other groups at 14 d of age. Acetic acid concentration was profoundly decreased in both UPT groups compared to the control. 5. Duodenal villus height of UPT-BD broilers showed a slight reduction compared to the control and UPT-BDL birds at 14 d of age. Afterwards until day 42, UPT-BDL birds showed the highest villus height among treatments in different parts of the small intestine. 6. The results suggested that, even though UPT did not have significant inhibitory effects on the development of the small intestine and broiler performance, it negatively affected bacterial metabolic end products in the caecum, which could be ameliorated by the addition of Lactobacillus