Introduction to the open innovation paradigm

This chapter introduces the teacher and the student to the open innovation paradigm. It points out the rationale for open innovation from the historical point of view and describes the differences between closed and open innovation. As open innovation has been observed in numerous contexts, this chapter addresses theories related to open innovation on one side and practical implications on the other. We discuss the incentives for firms to engage in open innovation, as well as the shortcomings from engaging in it. Competitiveness results from generating value propositions that differ from competitors’ value propositions. Innovation increases the customers’ value propositions and generates revenues for innovators or owners of innovation (Schumpeter, 1934). Innovation also generates value to the society, even if the innovator does not capture the majority of its profits (Teece, 1986). This chapter first defines innovation and then explains how open innovation helps firms to innovate easier and faster. Section 3.1.1. “Why open innovation?” defines innovation and describes how firms innovate. It augments the historical perspectives on innovation by depicting the differences between linear technology-driven innovation, linear market-driven innovation and the chain link model of innovation, thereby portraying the rationale for the theory of open innovation.. Section 3.1.2. “What is open innovation?” defines open innovation by presenting the differences between open and closed innovation on one side, and inbound, coupled and outbound innovation on the other side. Section 3.1.3. “Main incentives for open innovation” explains how firms benefit from engaging in open innovation, as well as the conditions that need to be satisfied for firms to extract value from open innovation. Section 3.1.4. “Open innovation in a broader context” describes theories that adopt or can be associated with open innovation. Section 3.1.5. “Critique to open innovation theory” exemplifies the drawbacks of the open innovation theory by explaining theoretical shortcomings and managerial implications

EROZIJA TLA VODOM U UZGOJU RAZLICITIH USJEVA PRI RAZLICITIM ZAHVATIMA OBRADE NA PSEUDOGLEJU SREDISNJE HRVATSKE

Water erosion was recorded during a four-year period (1994-1998.) on Luvic stagnosol (pseudogley), in the Daruvar area (Central Croatia), in different crop development stages according to USLE, under six tillage treatments in growing common arable crops in the common crop sequence. A much higher rate of erosion, higher than Soil loss tolerance (T value) was recorded in the growing of spring crops (row crops) than in winter crops of high plant density, where it was below the T value. In the growing of spring crops, the critical period with maximal water erosion was the period of seedbed preparation (SB period according of USLE), the period just after sowing. In the growing of maize and soybean, this is the period when over 80% of the overall annual erosion occurs in all tillage variants. As expected, the maximal rate of soil erosion, higher than the T value, was recorded in the standard plot according to USLE, followed by the variant of conventional up/down the slope tillage. Soil erosion was much smaller and below the T value in the no-tillage variant and in all variants with tillage across the slope. This means that these variants of soil tillage can be defined as conservation tillage in agroecological conditions of this part of Croatia. In growing winter crops of high density (wheat and oil seed rape), no critical periods were observed and erosion was much below the T value and was uniformly distributed throughout the whole growing season. According to the results, to reduce soil erosion below the T value on slopes of inclination higher than 9%, soil conservation practices are all tillage operations across the slope and/or a reduced crop rotation, without row crops.Tijekom cetvorogodišnjeg razdoblja (1994-98) na pseudogleju središnje Hrvatske pri razlicitim varijantama obrade tla istraživana je erozija tla vodom. U istraživanja su ukljuceni usjevi koji dominiraju u ovom podneblju, dok su varijante obrade slijedece: 1. Standardna parcela prema USLE - crni ugar 2. Konvencionalno oranje (do 25 cm) uz i niz nagib 3. Izostavljanje obrade - izravna sjetva, 4. Konvencionalno oranje okomito na smjer nagiba 5. Vrlo duboko oranje (do 50 cm) okomito na smjer nagiba. 6. Podrivanje na 60 cm dubine + konvencionalno oranje okomito na smjer nagiba. Temeljem polucenih rezultata i odnosa s tolerantnom erozijom za ovaj tip tla zakljucujemo da su erozijski nanosi pri u uzgoju jarina rijetkog sklopa (kukuruz i soja) mnogo veci u odnosu na tolerantno odnošenja za ovaj tip tla. Kriticno razdoblje pri uzgoju ovih kultura je neposredno poslije sjetve ovih usjeva (razdoblje nicanja pa dok usjev nije prekrio 10% površine). U ovom razdoblju utvrdeno je preko 80 % ukupne godišnje erozije, bez obzira na smjer obrade. Pri uzgoju ozimih kultura gustog sklopa (pšenica i uljana repica) nisu zabilježeni kriticna razdoblja, dok je ukupna erozija izrazito niža od tolerantnog odnošenja, pa u obzir dolaze svi istraživani nacini obrade tla. Temeljem svega navedenog zakljucujemo da je obrada uz/niz nagib pri uzgoju jarina rijetkog sklopa visoko rizicna na nagnutim terenima, pa bi taj nacin obrade tla trebalo napustiti. Izostavljanje obrade i bilo koji od nacina obrade okomito na nagib preporucamo za širu primjenu u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Smatramo da je rijec je o nacinima obrade tla koji su u skladu s održivom poljoprivredom u ovom podneblju

EROZIJA TLA VODOM U UZGOJU RAZLICITIH USJEVA PRI RAZLICITIM ZAHVATIMA OBRADE NA PSEUDOGLEJU SREDISNJE HRVATSKE

Water erosion was recorded during a four-year period (1994-1998.) on Luvic stagnosol (pseudogley), in the Daruvar area (Central Croatia), in different crop development stages according to USLE, under six tillage treatments in growing common arable crops in the common crop sequence. A much higher rate of erosion, higher than Soil loss tolerance (T value) was recorded in the growing of spring crops (row crops) than in winter crops of high plant density, where it was below the T value. In the growing of spring crops, the critical period with maximal water erosion was the period of seedbed preparation (SB period according of USLE), the period just after sowing. In the growing of maize and soybean, this is the period when over 80% of the overall annual erosion occurs in all tillage variants. As expected, the maximal rate of soil erosion, higher than the T value, was recorded in the standard plot according to USLE, followed by the variant of conventional up/down the slope tillage. Soil erosion was much smaller and below the T value in the no-tillage variant and in all variants with tillage across the slope. This means that these variants of soil tillage can be defined as conservation tillage in agroecological conditions of this part of Croatia. In growing winter crops of high density (wheat and oil seed rape), no critical periods were observed and erosion was much below the T value and was uniformly distributed throughout the whole growing season. According to the results, to reduce soil erosion below the T value on slopes of inclination higher than 9%, soil conservation practices are all tillage operations across the slope and/or a reduced crop rotation, without row crops.Tijekom cetvorogodišnjeg razdoblja (1994-98) na pseudogleju središnje Hrvatske pri razlicitim varijantama obrade tla istraživana je erozija tla vodom. U istraživanja su ukljuceni usjevi koji dominiraju u ovom podneblju, dok su varijante obrade slijedece: 1. Standardna parcela prema USLE - crni ugar 2. Konvencionalno oranje (do 25 cm) uz i niz nagib 3. Izostavljanje obrade - izravna sjetva, 4. Konvencionalno oranje okomito na smjer nagiba 5. Vrlo duboko oranje (do 50 cm) okomito na smjer nagiba. 6. Podrivanje na 60 cm dubine + konvencionalno oranje okomito na smjer nagiba. Temeljem polucenih rezultata i odnosa s tolerantnom erozijom za ovaj tip tla zakljucujemo da su erozijski nanosi pri u uzgoju jarina rijetkog sklopa (kukuruz i soja) mnogo veci u odnosu na tolerantno odnošenja za ovaj tip tla. Kriticno razdoblje pri uzgoju ovih kultura je neposredno poslije sjetve ovih usjeva (razdoblje nicanja pa dok usjev nije prekrio 10% površine). U ovom razdoblju utvrdeno je preko 80 % ukupne godišnje erozije, bez obzira na smjer obrade. Pri uzgoju ozimih kultura gustog sklopa (pšenica i uljana repica) nisu zabilježeni kriticna razdoblja, dok je ukupna erozija izrazito niža od tolerantnog odnošenja, pa u obzir dolaze svi istraživani nacini obrade tla. Temeljem svega navedenog zakljucujemo da je obrada uz/niz nagib pri uzgoju jarina rijetkog sklopa visoko rizicna na nagnutim terenima, pa bi taj nacin obrade tla trebalo napustiti. Izostavljanje obrade i bilo koji od nacina obrade okomito na nagib preporucamo za širu primjenu u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Smatramo da je rijec je o nacinima obrade tla koji su u skladu s održivom poljoprivredom u ovom podneblju

Multidisciplinary investigations of a karst reservoir for managed aquifer recharge applications on the island of Vis (Croatia)

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) refers to a suite of methods by which excess surface water or non-conventional water is stored underground for subsequent recovery or environmental purposes. MAR solutions have been largely used in unconsolidated aquifers, while their application in karst aquifers is rare. This research presents the first results of a MAR viability study on the island of Vis, a small karstic island in the Adriatic Sea. Favorable geological and hydrogeological conditions enable the formation of karst aquifers, making the island autonomous in terms of water supply. The island's main aquifer, exploited in the Korita well field, is protected from seawater intrusion by several hydrogeological barriers. However, climate change and high seasonal pressures related to tourism pose a threat to the future availability of freshwater. Multidisciplinary field and laboratory investigations were carried out to detail the geological and hydrogeological setting of the island and its groundwater resource. Field analyses consisted of groundwater monitoring and sampling, geophysical investigations (i.e., electrical resistivity tomography), and structural measurements. Laboratory analyses included measurements of principal cations and anions and tritium activity. Despite low precipitation during the observation period (September 2019 - December 2020), the groundwater resource at the Korita site showed stable trends of physico-chemical parameters with a good storage potential and a long-term reserve. Geophysical investigations evidenced a relatively homogeneous sequence of the rock mass at a larger scale, while structural analyses indicated the occurrence of E-W karstified and open fractures that could represent a preferential flow path in the carbonate aquifer. A MAR solution for the Vis island was proposed combining an infiltration pond scheme with the direct injection of the accumulated waters into the aquifer using available wells. The potential water source could be represented by the runoff collected in an old artificial channel and the associated pond system in Korita

Die Auswirkung des okklusionstraumas auf Zahnwzrzeln

Promjene tkiva, izazvane okluzijskom traumom, primarno su ograničene na potporne strukture zuba, a mogu se zapaziti i na dentinu. Lezije, koje tako nastaju, nisu inflamatorne nego distrofične i destruktivne. Histološki se najčešće može zamijetiti kompresija krvnih žila, staza, tromboza, hemoragija i nekroza. Potporni je aparat zubi, u određenom vremenu, sposoban da se adaptira na jake i neubičajene sile. Ako se ekcesivne sile vrlo često ponavljaju, nužno će dovesti do štetnih posljedica. Veoma je teško razlučiti, kad parodont postaje netolerantan prema porastu djelovanja neke sile. Sila mora doseći određenu granicu, da bi postala patološka. Pritom je najvažniji faktor veličina sile, ali je važna frekvencija, smjer i trajanje, kao i reparabilna sposobnost pojedinca. Pri djelovanju okluzijske traume, mogu nastati lezije, koje se manifestiraju resorpcijom, frakturom korijena i otrgnućem cementa zuba. Ponekad ih možemo uočiti i na rendgenogramu pa nam služe kao vrijedan dijagnostički nalaz okluzijskog traumatizma. Stoga smo, iz naše kazuistike, odabrali tipične primjere djelovanja okluzijske traume, koje su posljedice bile frakture i resorpcije korijena zuba. Otrgnuća cementa se rijetko mogu uočiti na rendgenogramu. Čest su nalaz histološki preparati zubi, na koje je djelovala okluzijska trauma.The changes of tissue caused by occlusive trauma are primarily limited to the supporting structures of the tooth and may be also found on dentine. These lesions are not inflammatory but dystrophic and destructive. The histological findings most frequently show compression of blood vessels, stasis, trombosis, hemorrhage and necrosis. The supporting apparatus of the teeth is capable of adapting to strong and unusual forces during a certain period of time. If the excessive forces are rather frequently repeated they w ill unevitably lead to harmful consequences. It is very d ifficu lt to determine when parodontium becomes intolerant of an increased activity of a force. The force must reach a certain lim it to become pathological. The most important factor is the size of the force, while its frequency, direction and duration as well as reparative individual capacity are also relevant. Occlusive trauma can induce lesions manifested by resorption, root fracture and rupture of tooth cement. They are sometimes visible on roentgenograms which can be therefore used as a valuable diagnostic finding of occlusive traumatism. The paper presents typical examples of occlusive trauma with fractures and tooth root resorption as consequences. The ruptures of cement are rarely visible on roentgenograms. The teeth which have suffered occlusive trauma are frequent histological findings.Gewebsveränderungen, bedingt durch Okklusionstrauma, sind primär auf die Zahnstützgewebe beschränkt, können sich aber auch am Dentin auswirken. Die so entstandenen Läsionen sind nicht entzündlicher Natur, sondern dystrofisch und destruktiv. Histologisch kann meistens eine Kompression der Blutgefässe, Staung, Trombose, Haemorrhagie und Nekrose festgestellt werden. Der Zahnstützapparat hat die Fähigkeit sich auch auf starke und ungewöhnliche Kräfte zu adaptieren. Häufig autretende extrem starke Kräfte führen zwangsweise zu schädlichen Folgen. Es ist schwierig festzustellen wann die Toleranz des Parodonts auf zunehmende Kräfte aufhört. Die Kraft muss eine gewisse Grenze erreichen um sich pathologisch auszuwirken. Dabei ist die Grösse der Kraft ausschlaggebend, aber auch ihre Häufigkeit, Richtung, Dauer und die individuelle Reparationsfähigkeit sind von Bedeutung. Das Okklusionstrauma kann Läsionen hervorrufen welche sich als Resorptionen, Wurzelfrakturen und Zementablösung, manifestieren. Manchmal kann man sie am Röntgenbild entdecken, was als wertvoller diagnostischer Befund des Okklusionstraumatismus gedeutet werden kann. Daber haben w ir aus unserer Kasuistik typische Fälle der Auswirkung des Okklusionstraumas, deren Folgen Wurzelfrakturen und Wurzelresorptione waren, ausgewählt. Zementresorptionen können nur selten auf Röntgenaufnahmen festgestellt werden, doch an histologischen Präparaten sind die Folgen des Okklusionstraumas häufig nachzuweisen

Die haufigkeit der parafunktzionen bei parodontotischen erkrankungen

Podaci iz literature pokazuju, da je učestalost parafunkcija, u pacijenata s parodontolizarna, veoma velika. U više od 80% oboljelih, koji su bili liječeni u Zavodu za parodontologiju Stomatološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu , mogle su se registrirati i parafunkcije. Od okluzijskih parafunkcija, najčešće je bilo škripanje i stiskanje zubi, a od oralnih, guranje zubi jezikom. Za pravilan tretman parodontalnih bolesti, veoma je važno prepoznavanje i liječenje tih navika. Budući da su nesvjesne radnje česte, dijagnosticiranje može biti teško, a terapija dugotrajna. Ako ih ne odstranimo, postat će etiološki faktor okluzalnog traumatizma, jer su to sile, jačeg intenziteta i duljeg trajanja, od sila, koje izaziva žvačna funkcija. Budući da je trajanje ovih sila konstantno, reparabilni mehanizmi nemaju mogućnosti djelovanja. U području dezmodontnih ligamenata, prekinuta je opskrba krvlju, što može izazvati traumatske lezije, kojih su posljedice prekomjerna mobilnost zubi i migracija zubi, u pacijenata oboljelih od parodontopatija.The literature data show a rather high incidence of parafunctions in patients with parodontolysis. Parafunctions were observed in over 80% of patients treated at the Institute of Parodontology of the Faculty of Dentistry ,Zagreb . The most frequent occlusive parafunctions were the gnashing and clenching of the teeth, while the pushing of the tongue was the most frequent oral parafunction. The early recognition and treatment of these habits is very important for a successful treatment of periodontal diseases. The making of diagnosis may be d ifficult and therapy long-term as these movements are often unconscious. If they are not removed they become the etiological factor of occlusive traumatism as they are of greater intensity and longer duration than the forces emerging in the course of masticatory function. Since the duration of these forces is constant the reparable mechanisms have no opportunity toact. The supply with blood in the region of desmodontic ligaments is interrupted which may cause traumatic lesions and consequently an excessive mobility and migration of the teeth in patients with parodontal diseases.Angaben aus der Literatur weisen darauf hin, dass die Häufigkeit der Parafunktionen bei Patienten m it Parodontolysen sehr gross ist. Bei über 80% unserer Patienten konnten auch Parafunktionen festgestellt werden. Von okklusal bedingten Parafunktionen waren Pressen und Zähneknirschen die häufigsten, von den oral bedingten Zungendrücken auf die Zähne. Die Erkennung und Behandlung dieser Gewohnheiten ist für die richtige Therapie ausschlaggebend. Da diese Gewohnheiten meist unbewusst verlaufen, kann es diagnostische Schwierigkeiten geben und eine Langzeitbehandlung erfordern. Diese Kräfte sind nach Intensität und Dauer schwerwiegender als Kräfte bei der Kaufunktion, daher sie zum aethiologischen Faktor des Okklusionstraumas werden. Wegen ihrer Beständigkeit kommen die Reparationsmehanismen nicht zum Ausdruck. Im Bereiche der Desmodontfasen ist die Blutversorgung unterbrochen, was traumatische Läsionen erzeugt, deren Folgen eine vergrösserte Zahnbeweglichkeit und Zahnwaderungen bei Parodontose-Patienten, ist