Pig Feeding in South Dakota

The object of this experiment was to obtain some more practical data concerning the feeding value of some of our common food stuffs, and to gather data regarding the cost of production of pork, produced under favorable conditions upon our common grains. It was thought that an accurate statement of the cost of producing pork upon our cheap grains would encourage our farmers to raise larger numbers of hogs and to feed more of our cheap grains, such as barley and corn, instead of selling them at prices which are little, if any, above the cost of production. From this and other experiments I am convinced that during the past few years of extremely low prices for barley and corn, any good farmer by feeding well-bred pigs could have realized from 30c to 35c per bushel for these grains. He need only to have raised good hogs in sufficient numbers to consume the products and place them upon the market in prime condition at about 200 pounds weight

Subsoiling

In the past few years the question of irrigation has become a very important one in many parts of the West. By means of irrigation many thousands of acres of land have been brought under profitable cultivation, and the work has but barely commenced. Many sections of the West, however, have no available water supply, nor do they need irrigation every year. In other words, the climate is too moist for profitable irrigation every year, and yet crops often suffer from lack of sufficient rains when maturing. Hence, many farmers have felt the need of some method of increasing the drouth [sic]-resisting capacity of land, short of actual irrigation. Subsoiling, by which, is meant the stirring of the subsoil without bringing it to the surface, has been much discussed in this connection as being the best method of, retaining moisture in the soil. Hence, subsoiling is now being thoroughly tested in many parts of Kansas and Nebraska. The general experience so far is rather favorable, yet further experience is needed, The question is a complicated one and several seasons are needed to determine the ultimate value of the method. The main question to determine is whether the increased yield will pay for the cost of subsoiling. Soils with a. very bard subsoil are most benefitted, while soils with loose or gravelly subsoil are generally not benefitted by subsoiling, but, on the contrary, are sometimes injured. Subsoiling makes the soil very loose, and if not followed by rain sufficient to settle the soil before planting, a lessened yield generally results the first season. This is why subsoiling in the fall is regarded with the most favor, because the rain and snow firm the soil before planting time. In other words, subsoiling deepens the reservoir, but moisture is needed to fill it and to restore the capillarity between the stirred soil and the firm earth beneath, so that if subsoiling is followed by a very dry winter, no benefit will be apparent, but rather the contrary

Feeding Sheep in South Dakota

The natural importance of the sheep industry to South Dakota is well established by the facts that her rich native grasses furnish abundant pastures and that her climatic conditions favor the grazing industry in all parts of the State. These natural advantages have long been recognized and have been utilized to a greater or less extent in all parts of the State for a number of years past. Another great natural advantage, of possibly even greater importance than those above mentioned, is her geographical location within the natural zone of cheap food supply. She embraces within her borders some of the most productive grain farms in the world, where nearly all kinds of food stuffs required for sheep feeding can be produced at a cost less than anywhere else on the American continent. These productive grain fields, lying within such easy access to her immense ranges where sheep of good feeding quality can be produced in almost unlimited numbers, and at only a small fraction of the cost of producing them on Eastern farms, brings the ranchman and the feeder closer together and makes South Dakota a better feeding ground than any other State in the Union. This State should not only finish all the sheep produced on her own ranges, but she should also feed large numbers from the ranges lying farther west

Isotope tracing of submarine groundwater discharge offshore Ubatuba, Brazil : results of the IAEA–UNESCO SGD project

Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 99 (2008): 1596-1610, doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.06.010.Results of groundwater and seawater analyses for radioactive (3H, 222Rn, 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra) and stable (2H, 18O) isotopes are presented together with in situ spatial mapping and time-series 222Rn measurements in seawater, direct seepage measurements using manual and automated seepage meters, pore water investigations using different tracers and piezometric techniques, and geoelectric surveys probing the coast. This study represents first time that such a new complex arsenal of radioactive and non-radioactive tracer techniques and geophysical methods have been used for simultaneous submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) investigations. Large fluctuations of SGD fluxes were observed at sites situated only a few meters apart (from 0 cm d-1 to 360 cm d-1; the unit represents cm3/cm2/day), as well as during a few hours (from 0 cm d-1 to 110 cm d-1), strongly depending on the tidal fluctuations. The average SGD flux estimated from continuous 222Rn measurements is 17±10 cm d-1. Integrated coastal SGD flux estimated for the Ubatuba coast using radium isotopes is about 7x103 m3 d-1 per km of the coast. The isotopic composition (δ2H and δ18O) of submarine waters was characterised by significant variability and heavy isotope enrichment, indicating that the contribution of groundwater in submarine waters varied from a small percentage to 20%. However, this contribution with increasing offshore distance became negligible. Automated seepage meters and time-series measurements of 222Rn activity concentration showed a negative correlation between the SGD rates and tidal stage. This is likely caused by sea level changes as tidal effects induce variations of hydraulic gradients. The geoelectric probing and piezometric measurements contributed to better understanding of the spatial distribution of different water masses present along the coast. The radium isotope data showed scattered distributions with offshore distance, which imply that seawater in a complex coast with many small bays and islands was influenced by local currents and groundwater/seawater mixing. This has also been confirmed by a relatively short residence time of 1-2 weeks for water within 25 km offshore, as obtained by short-lived radium isotopes. The irregular distribution of SGD seen at Ubatuba is a characteristic of fractured rock aquifers, fed by coastal groundwater and recirculated seawater with small admixtures of groundwater, which is of potential environmental concern and has implications on the management of freshwater resources in the region.This research was supported by IAEA and UNESCO (IOC and IHP) in the framework of the joint SGD project. Science support for some U.S. investigators was provided by grants from the National Science Foundation (OCE03-50514 to WCB and OCE02-33657 to WSM)

Relaxation rates and collision integrals for Bose-Einstein condensates

Near equilibrium, the rate of relaxation to equilibrium and the transport properties of excitations (bogolons) in a dilute Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) are determined by three collision integrals, $\mathcal{G}^{12}$, $\mathcal{G}^{22}$, and $\mathcal{G}^{31}$. All three collision integrals conserve momentum and energy during bogolon collisions, but only $\mathcal{G}^{22}$ conserves bogolon number. Previous works have considered the contribution of only two collision integrals, $\mathcal{G}^{22}$ and $\mathcal{G}^{12}$. In this work, we show that the third collision integral $\mathcal{G}^{31}$ makes a significant contribution to the bogolon number relaxation rate and needs to be retained when computing relaxation properties of the BEC. We provide values of relaxation rates in a form that can be applied to a variety of dilute Bose-Einstein condensates.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, accepted by Journal of Low Temperature Physics 7/201

A comparison of different methods in the study of dynamical fluctuations in high energy e+e- collisions

Different methods in the study of anomalous scaling of factorial moments in high energy e+e- collisions are examined in some detail. It is shown that the horizontal and vertical factorial moments are equivalent only when they are used in combination with the cummulant variables. The influence of different reference frames and that of phase space restrictions is also discussed.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure

Microscopic theory of atom-molecule oscillations in a Bose-Einstein condensate

In a recent experiment at JILA [E.A. Donley et al., Nature (London) 417, 529 (2002)] an initially pure condensate of Rb-85 atoms was exposed to a specially designed time dependent magnetic field pulse in the vicinity of a Feshbach resonance. The production of new components of the gas as well as their oscillatory behavior have been reported. We apply a microscopic theory of the gas to identify these components and determine their physical properties. Our time dependent studies allow us to explain the observed dynamic evolution of all fractions, and to identify the physical relevance of the pulse shape. Based on ab initio predictions, our theory strongly supports the view that the experiments have produced a molecular condensate.Comment: 18 pages, 20 figure

Modulated Amplitude Waves in Bose-Einstein Condensates

We analyze spatio-temporal structures in the Gross-Pitaevskii equation to study the dynamics of quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) with mean-field interactions. A coherent structure ansatz yields a parametrically forced nonlinear oscillator, to which we apply Lindstedt's method and multiple-scale perturbation theory to determine the dependence of the intensity of periodic orbits (``modulated amplitude waves'') on their wave number. We explore BEC band structure in detail using Hamiltonian perturbation theory and supporting numerical simulations.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figs, revtex, final form of paper, to appear in PRE (forgot to include \bibliography command in last update, so this is a correction of that; the bibliography is hence present again

Exciting, Cooling And Vortex Trapping In A Bose-Condensed Gas

A straight forward numerical technique, based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, is used to generate a self-consistent description of thermally-excited states of a dilute boson gas. The process of evaporative cooling is then modelled by following the time evolution of the system using the same equation. It is shown that the subsequent rethermalisation of the thermally-excited state produces a cooler coherent condensate. Other results presented show that trapping vortex states with the ground state may be possible in a two-dimensional experimental environment.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. It's worth the wait! To be published in Physical Review A, 1st February 199

Abundances of the elements in the solar system

A review of the abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements and their nuclides in the solar nebula and in chondritic meteorites. Abundances of the elements in some neighboring stars are also discussed.Comment: 42 pages, 11 tables, 8 figures, chapter, In Landolt- B\"ornstein, New Series, Vol. VI/4B, Chap. 4.4, J.E. Tr\"umper (ed.), Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, p. 560-63