1,017 research outputs found

    Universality of Brunnian (NN-body Borromean) four and five-body systems

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    We compute binding energies and root mean square radii for weakly bound systems of N=4N=4 and 55 identical bosons. Ground and first excited states of an NN-body system appear below the threshold for binding the system with N1N-1 particles. Their root mean square radii approach constants in the limit of weak binding. Their probability distributions are on average located in non-classical regions of space which result in universal structures. Radii decrease with increasing particle number. The ground states for more than five particles are probably non-universal whereas excited states may be universal

    Studies on processing, particle formation, and immunogenicity of the HIV-1 gag gene product: a possible component of a HIV vaccine

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    Antigens in a particulate conformation were shown to be highly immunogenic in mammals. For this reason, the particle forming capacity of derivatives of the HIV-1 group specific core antigen p55 gag was assayed and compared dependent on various expression systems: recombinant bacteria, vaccinia- and baculoviruses were established encoding the entire core protein p55 either in its authentic sequence or lacking the myristylation consensus signal. Moreover, p55 gag was expressed in combination with the protease (p55-PR) or with the entire polymerase (p55-pol), respectively. Budding of 100-160 nm p55 core particles, resembling immature HIV-virions, was observed in the eucaryotic expression systems only. In comparison to the vaccinia virus driven expression of p55 in mammalian cells, considerably higher yields of particulate core antigen were obtained by infection of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells with the recombinant Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis (AcMNPV) baculovirus. Mutation of the NH2-terminal myristylation signal sequence prevented budding of the immature core particles. Expression of the HIV p55-PR gene construct by recombinant baculovirus resulted in complete processing of the p55 gag precursor molecule in this system. The introduction of an artificial frameshift near the natural frameshift site resulted in constitutive expression of the viral protease and complete processing of p55, both in Escherichia coli and in vaccinia virus infected cells. Interestingly, significant processing of p55 resembling that of HIV infected H9 cells could also be achieved in the vaccinia system by fusing the entire pol gene to the gag gene. Moreover, processing was not found to be dependent on amino-terminal myristylation of the gag procursor molecule, which is in contrast to observations with type C and type D retrovirus. However, complete processing of p55 into p24, p17, p9 and p6 abolished particle formation. Purified immature HIV-virus like particles were highly immunogenic in rabbits, leading to a strong humoral immune response after immunization. Empty immature p55 gag particles represent a noninfectious and attractive candidate for a basic vaccine component

    Immunological reactivity of a human immunodeficiency virus type I derived peptide representing a consensus sequence of the GP120 major neutralizing region V3

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    To reduce the opportunities for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to evade vaccine induced immunity, the development of subunit vaccines must focus on the characterization of immunogenic epitopes, which are major targets for the immune system. The most dominant site for elicitation of neutralising immune response is located on the external envelope glycoprotein gp120 within the third variable domain (V3). To overcome virus type specificity of antibodies directed to the V3-domain we designed a 36 amino acids long gp120/V3-consensus peptide (V3-C36) based on published biological data and sequence comparisons of various HIV-1 virus isolates. This peptide contains a conserved core sequence which is suggested to form a surface-exposed beta-turn. This peptide also includes T-cell epitopes defined in mice and humans, an ADCC-epitope and two highly conserved cysteine residues which were oxidized to form a cystine derivate, thus allowing correct peptide folding. In ELISA-tests, this peptide reacts with at least 90% of randomly selected sera of European and African patients infected with HIV-1 and is recognized by three different HIV-1/V3 "type-specific" antisera (MN, RF, IIIB-strain). Using this peptide as immunogen in rabbits, antisera could be raised with highly cross-reactive and HIV-1/IIIB strain neutralizing properties. Moreover, HTLV/HIV-1/IIIB specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) of BALB/c mice infected with a gp120 recombinant vaccinia virus recognized the central 16- and 12-mer peptides of the V3-C36 consensus peptide in cytolytic assays, indicating perfect compatibility of the consensus peptide with the IIIB-primed CTLs. The DNA-sequence encoding the V3-consensus loop region might be an important component in newly designed recombinant subunit vaccines. In addition, due to its broad serological reactivity, the V3-consensus peptide might play an important role in special diagnostic purposes

    Umsatz von organischer Bodensubstanz mittels stabiler Kohlenstoffisotope: eine Metaanalyse

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    Vergangene Arbeiten zeigten Änderungen des über δ13C Tiefenprofile abgeleiteten Umsatzes von organischer Bodensubstanz (OBS) mit der Jahresmitteltemperatur (JMT), Jahresniederschlagssummen (JNS) und der Zeit. Weniger stark ausgeprägte δ13C Tiefenprofile unter höherer JMT deuten - entgegen der generellen Annahme von steigendem Umsatz unter steigenden Temperaturen - auf sinkenden Umsatz von OBS hin. Reduzierte Bodenfeuchtigkeit könnte die Substratverfügbarkeit eingeschränkt haben, während die Dominanz von Verlagerungsprozessen die Tiefenverteilung von δ13C unter hohen JNS dominiert haben könnte. Auf einer Zeitskala von Jahrtausenden wird angenommen, dass Böden große Mengen von Kohlenstoff speichern und eine Reduzierung des Umsatzes von OBS stattfindet. Die δ13C Tiefenverteilungen entlang einer neuseeländischen Chronosequenz allerdings suggerieren, dass Umsatz der OBS mit der Zeit nicht kontinuierlich abnimmt. Ziel dieser Studie ist die Erweiterung bisheriger Ergebnisse zur Nutzung stabiler Kohlenstoffisotope als Proxy für Umsatz von OBS und die Auswertung innerhalb einer Metaanalyse. Hierzu wurden δ13C Tiefenprofile aus 22 global verteilten Studien hinsichtlich ihrer Änderung mit JMT und JNS ausgewertet. Zur Untersuchung der Zeit dienten Chronosequenz-Studien aus Deutschland, Kanada und Neuseeland. Entsprechend der kinetischen Theorie sind δ13C Tiefenprofile ausgeprägter unter steigender JMT mit einem linearen Anstieg des abgeschätzten Umsatzes (R2 = 0,52; P < 0,001). Im Gegensatz dazu gibt es keine linearen Zusammenhänge zwischen JNS und der Entwicklung von δ13C Tiefenprofilen, vermutlich durch Texturheterogenität der untersuchten Studien. Die Einflüsse von Zeit auf δ13C Tiefenprofile scheinen ökosystemspezifisch zu sein, mit einem Anstieg des abgeschätzten Umsatzes von OBS während der frühen Ökosystementwicklung und erkennbaren δ13C Tiefenprofile nach drei Dekaden. Die gewonnen Daten zeigen globale Trends der Nutzung von δ13C Tiefenprofilen zur Abschätzung des Umsatzes und liefern damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis der C Sequestrierung im Boden

    Carbon cycling and translocation processes in Baltic Sea coastal dune topsoils

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    Chronosequenzen bieten ideale Voraussetzungen zur Analyse des Einflusses pedo­genetischer Prozesse auf die Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffdynamik im Boden. Die sich ändernden Verfügbarkeiten von Kohlenstoff (C) und Stickstoff (N) während der Pedogenese beeinflussen den Umsatz von organischer Bodensubstanz (OBS). Vergangene Arbeiten konnten zeigen, dass die Verteilung stabiler C Isotope im Oberboden zur Abschätzung des Umsatzes von OBS herangezogen werden kann. Entlang einer Dünenchronosequenz in Haast (Neuseeland) stieg der Umsatz von OBS zu Beginn der Pedogenese und erreichte einen Tiefpunkt nach dem Zerfall der Bäume aus erster Generation. Zudem zeigten C-13 Tiefenprofile Parallelen zur vertikalen Verteilung stabiler N Isotope im Oberboden. Ziele dieser Studie sind die Untersuchung von C-13 und 15-N Tiefenprofilen entlang einer Dünenchronosequenz der Ostsee. Hierzu werden entlang einer 60 bis 5500 Jahre alten Dünensequenz bei Swinemünde (Polen) Bodenproben entnommen und anhand ihrer C und N Isotopenverteilungen analysiert. Es wird ein Anstieg des Umsatzes durch ansteigende C Gehalte in frühen Phasen der Pedogenese erwartet. Atmosphärische N Deposition kann einen erheblichen Effekt auf die Vegetations- und mikrobielle Zusammensetzung sowie Umsatzprozesse während der Boden- und Ökosystementwicklung haben. Große Unterschiede der N Depositionen zwischen Dünengebieten der südlichen Ostsee und Neuseeland könnten daher 13-C sowie 15-N Tiefenprofile beeinflussen. Die gewonnen Daten liefern einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis der C Sequestrierung und der Stickstoffdynamik während der Pedogenese

    Photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac in wastewater using ironceramic composites

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    The photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac in model aqueous solution is investigated. The surface of composites were correlated with photocatalytic activity. Adsorption activity of the composites is related to the presence of surface active sites. The degradation under UV irradiation and photo-Fenton process using ironceramic composites is more effective than direct photolysis

    Picture-Hanging Puzzles

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    We show how to hang a picture by wrapping rope around n nails, making a polynomial number of twists, such that the picture falls whenever any k out of the n nails get removed, and the picture remains hanging when fewer than k nails get removed. This construction makes for some fun mathematical magic performances. More generally, we characterize the possible Boolean functions characterizing when the picture falls in terms of which nails get removed as all monotone Boolean functions. This construction requires an exponential number of twists in the worst case, but exponential complexity is almost always necessary for general functions.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, 11 puzzles. Journal version of FUN 2012 pape

    The Influence of Climate and Livestock Reservoirs on Human Cases of Giardiasis.

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    Giardia duodenalis is an intestinal parasite which causes diarrhoeal illness in people. Zoonotic subtypes found in livestock may contribute to human disease occurrence through runoff of manure into multi-use surface water. This study investigated temporal associations among selected environmental variables and G. duodenalis occurrence in livestock reservoirs on human giardiasis incidence using data collected in the Waterloo Health Region, Ontario, Canada. The study objectives were to: (1) evaluate associations between human cases and environmental variables between 1 June 2006 and 31 December 2013, and (2) evaluate associations between human cases, environmental variables and livestock reservoirs using a subset of this time series, with both analyses controlling for seasonal and long-term trends. Human disease incidence exhibited a seasonal trend but no annual trend. A Poisson multivariable regression model identified an inverse association with water level lagged by 1 month (IRR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.01, 0.85, P < 0.05). Case crossover analysis found varying associations between lagged variables including livestock reservoirs (1 week), mean air temperature (3 weeks), river water level (1 week) and flow rate (1 week), and precipitation (4 weeks). This study contributes to our understanding of epidemiologic relationships influencing human giardiasis cases in Ontario, Canada
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